“…In addition, AZT's slow metabolism indicates possible poor degradation in treatment plants ( Koch et al, 2005 ). According to Brazil’s National Sanitary Regulatory Agency (ANVISA) 75% of AZT leaves the body through urine in its original unmetabolized form ( Cano et al, 2020 ; Christian et al, 2003 ). To contextualize the problem involving the presence of AZT, most recent studies which evaluated its presence (isolated or with other compounds) in different environmental matrices in various countries were reviewed.…”
“…In addition, AZT's slow metabolism indicates possible poor degradation in treatment plants ( Koch et al, 2005 ). According to Brazil’s National Sanitary Regulatory Agency (ANVISA) 75% of AZT leaves the body through urine in its original unmetabolized form ( Cano et al, 2020 ; Christian et al, 2003 ). To contextualize the problem involving the presence of AZT, most recent studies which evaluated its presence (isolated or with other compounds) in different environmental matrices in various countries were reviewed.…”
“…Azithromycin is an antibiotic with a broad spectrum of applications and is used to combat various infections caused by Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria (Cano et al, 2020).…”
Consumption of different pharmaceuticals has increased since the COVID-19 pandemic. Some health institutions worldwide approved the use of drugs such as ivermectin, hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, dexamethasone, favipiravir, remdesivir, lopinavir-ritonavir, chloroquine, dexamethasone for the treatment of the virus. Once consumed by humans, these compounds are released in urine and faeces, ending up in wastewater and conducted to treatment plants or directly discharged without prior treatment into surface water and soil, with minimum values recorded between 7 ng/L and < 0.08 μg/L for azithromycin and ivermectin respectively, as well as dexamethasone with 0.73 ng/L in surface water and an average of 50–60 ng/L for favipiravir. Their presence has numerous toxicological effects on aquatic and terrestrial species, influencing population decline and altering the growth of organisms. However, the environmental consequences of pharmaceuticals in the environment are poorly known, especially for antivirals studied in this article. This work aims to analyze the presence, treatment and ecotoxicity of drugs used in the pandemic COVID 19, mainly focusing on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems since that is where they arrive through wastewater. Ecotoxicological effects on flora, fauna and humans are also analyzed. Once there, they persist in the environment causing severe ecological damage, developmental and growth disorders in animals and plants and, in many cases, even the death of species.
“…UV activation with H 2 O 2 in solutions containing AZI showed results between 50 to 100% of degradation ( Cano et al, 2020 ; De la Cruz et al, 2012 ; Shokri et al, 2020 ). Cano et al (2020) , using artificial solar radiation as a radiation source, showed that AZI removal was ≈ 100% after 120 min of treatment, pH = 9 and [H 2 O 2 ] = 482mg L −1 , as shown in Fig. 7.…”
Section: Photomediated and Advanced Oxidative Processes For Removing Drugs From The Kit-covidmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The pH values > 3 led to the precipitation of Fe in the Fe(OH) 3 form. Figure 8 (a) Response surface for AZI removal using simulated sunlight radiation and H 2 O 2 (pollutant initial concentration 1.0 mg L −1 , irradiance 500.0 W m −2 , reaction time 30 min) ( Cano et al 2020 ). (b) The three-dimensional graph of the AZI removal at pH = 3 and H 2 O 2 =10mg L −1 ( Shokri et al 2020 ).…”
Section: Photomediated and Advanced Oxidative Processes For Removing Drugs From The Kit-covidmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… Process Experimental system and conditions Pharmaceutical compound % Removal Reference DP λ = 290 – 800 nm; pH = 3.0 – 9.0; [AZI] = 0.5 – 3.0 mg L −1 . AZI 100 ( Cano et al, 2020 ) DP λ = 254 – 580 nm; pH = 3.0 – 9.0; [AZI] = 20 mg L −1 . AZI 80 ( Voigt and Jaeger, 2017 ) DP λ = 254 nm; pH = 7.1; [HCQ] = 1250 mg L −1 .…”
Section: Photomediated and Advanced Oxidative Processes For Removing Drugs From The Kit-covidmentioning
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