Use of skin markers and electronic portal imaging to improve verification of tangential breast irradiation

Correction of systematic set-up error in breast and head and neck irradiation through a no-action level (NAL) protocol

“…In addition to this, some bony anatomy visible in the electronic portal images is located at some distance from the target tissue (e.g., the spine). When patient set-up geometry is more demanding, as needed for partial breast irradiation, or integrated boost techniques, surgical clips [42], skin markers [43] or video-assisted surface imaging techniques [41] appear promising. None of these advanced localization techniques have been introduced in the present work.…”

Three-dimensional dose evaluation in breast cancer patients to define decision criteria for adaptive radiotherapy

“…An important aspect of radiotherapy is to verify patient positioning during treatment to ensure accurate dose deposition. In general, Electronic Portal Images (EPIs) are used to verify positioning during breast irradiation, by matching anatomical structures or markers to digitally reconstructed radiographs [4]. Additionally cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) can be integrated in clinical practice to evaluate 3D patient anatomy and positioning during treatment.…”