Use of solid phase microextraction to estimate toxicity: Relating fiber concentrations to toxicity—part I

Abstract

Use of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fibers as a dose metric for toxicity testing was evaluated for hydrophobic pesticides to the midge Chironomus dilutus and the amphipod Hyalella azteca. Test compounds included p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p'-DDT), p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (p,p'-DDD), p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE), permethrin, bifenthrin, tefluthrin, and chlorpyrifos. Acute water toxicity tests were determined for 4- and 10-d exposures in both species. Median lethal and sublethal concentrations were expressed both on a water concentration (LC50 and EC50) and on an equilibrium SPME fiber concentration (LC50(fiber) and EC50(fiber)) basis. A significant log dose-response relationship was found between log fiber concentration and organism mortality. It has been shown in the literature that equilibrium SPME fiber concentrations reflect the bioavailable concentrations of hydrophobic contaminants, so these fiber concentrations should be a useful metric for assessing toxic effects from the bioavailable contaminant providing a framework to expand the use of SPME fibers beyond estimation of bioaccumulation.

A comparison of the sublethal and lethal toxicity of four pesticides in Hyalella azteca and Chironomus dilutus

“…The difference in chlorpyrifos toxicity is likely caused by a different experimental setup, asPhipps et al (1995) used a flow-through system, whileDeanovic et al (2013) andBrand- er et al (2009) used a static system as was used in this study. No 10-day LC 50 was reported for C. dilutus in the literature for cyfluthrin, and values reported for the other three chemicals differed from the ones determined in this study Ding et al (2012). determined different LC 50 of bifenthrin (23.0 ng/L), permethrin (99.0 ng/L), and chlorpyrifos (140.0 ng/L) for C. dilutus using a static system, without solution renewal and a decreased feeding interval, which possibly caused the differing values compared to this study.…”

SPME as a promising tool in translational medicine and drug discovery: From bench to bedside

“…For such applications, the use of SPME has been shown to be superior to others technique due to the resulting lack of cell damage that ensues from pipetting or centrifugation, as well as the circumvention of trypsinization [31]. In other work, SPME-based toxicity studies of hydrophobic pesticides in water have been reported by Ding et al [32,33]. Although assessing environmental risk rather than organ-specific toxicity, a few important features of SPME as they relate to toxicity are well emphasized in this work.…”

Use of solid phase microextraction to estimate toxicity: Relating fiber concentrations to body residues—part II

“…Both the equilibrium fiber concentrations (C f ) and the LC50 and median effective concentration (EC50) values on a fiber concentration basis were determined in our companion paper [13].…”

“…In most of these studies, bioaccumulation was measured at sublethal levels. Whereas a conceptual model supported the theory that a relationship would be expected between SPME concentrations at equilibrium and toxic responses [13], a more complete explanation linking SPME fibers concentrations and toxicity response was impor-tant for future reliance on this approach. Fewer studies have linked SPME fiber concentrations to body residues at lethal levels or linked SPME fibers to the subsequent toxic effects [1,[11][12][13].…”

“…The measured SPME fiber concentration can be used to effectively estimate body burdens for a variety of hydrophobic compounds [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Fewer studies have linked SPME fiber concentrations to body residues at lethal levels or linked SPME fibers to the subsequent toxic effects [1,[11][12][13]. For example, accumulation by the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus correlated well with matrix-SPME fiber concentrations across chemical classes [7].…”