Use of Spoken and Written Japanese Did Not Protect Japanese-American Men From Cognitive Decline in Late Life

Crane, Paul K.; Gruhl, Jonathan; Erosheva, Elena A.; Gibbons, Laura E.; McCurry, Susan M.; Rhoads, Kristoffer; Nguyen, Viet Q.; Arani, Keerthi; Masaki, Kamal; White, Lon R.

doi:10.1093/geronb/gbq046

Cited by 61 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…This discrepancy might be caused by the self-reported and less accurate questionnaire about physical activities we utilized. Hypertension, type 2 diabetes, smoking, and urban living environment were not correlated with age at AD onset, which is similar to the results of other studies [5, 7, 23, 24]. …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…The interpretation of the protective effect of bilingualism against AD is that the use of two languages can enhance cognitive reserve (CR) by switching between the two languages, and increasing the efficiency of the executive control system [4]. However, inconsistent results have been reported in other studies [5-7], which demonstrated that the age of dementia diagnosis was not significantly different between bilinguals and monolinguals. The potential reasons for the contradictory findings suggested by Calvo et al [8] were methodological differences in the definition of bilingualism, the sample design, the definition of age of onset, and the consideration of other variables known to affect CR.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, diverse language pairs used by the bilinguals in different studies may also contribute to the discrepancies. For instance, the study focusing on Indian/English bilinguals by Alladi et al [2] reached a positive result, while the study about Japanese/English bilinguals by Crane et al [7] drew a null conclusion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Protective Effect of Cantonese/Mandarin Bilingualism on the Onset of Alzheimer Disease

Zheng

et al. 2018

Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord

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Background: Several studies have found that bilingualism can delay the age of onset of Alzheimer disease (AD). The interpretation of these findings is that switching between two languages can enhance cognitive reserve. However, some studies have provided inconsistent results. Diverse language pairs used by the bilinguals in different studies may contribute to the discrepancies. Cantonese and Mandarin are widely used in southern China, and regarded as bilingualism. The present study aims to determine if Cantonese/Mandarin bilingualism can delay the onset of AD. Methods: The data of 129 patients diagnosed with probable AD, including 48 Cantonese monolinguals, 20 Mandarin monolinguals, and 61 Cantonese/Mandarin bilinguals were analyzed. Results: Cantonese/Mandarin bilinguals were found to have an older age at AD onset, and older age at the first clinic visit than Mandarin monolinguals and Cantonese monolinguals. Both Mandarin monolinguals and Cantonese/Mandarin bilinguals had a higher education level and higher occupation status than the Cantonese monolinguals. Mandarin monolinguals did not differ from Cantonese/Mandarin bilinguals significantly in years of education and occupation status. The multiple linear regression analyses indicated that Cantonese/Mandarin bilingualism can delay the onset of AD independently. Conclusion: Constantly speaking both Cantonese and Mandarin from at least early adulthood can delay the onset of AD.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Protective Effect of Cantonese/Mandarin Bilingualism on the Onset of Alzheimer Disease

Zheng

et al. 2018

Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord

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“…This uneven distribution of item difficulties has been shown to cause biased estimates of rates of decline (21). An increasingly popular and validated approach to minimize this bias is the use of item response theory (IRT) to score global cognition data to establish linearity in the scale (22,23). Because analyses using the IRT scores provide a more statistically robust estimate of the associations evaluated, such results are more likely to estimate the true underlying association.…”

Section: Item Response Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiologic Evidence of a Relationship between Tea, Coffee, or Caffeine Consumption and Cognitive Decline

Arab

Khan

Lam

2013

Advances in Nutrition

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A systematic literature review of human studies relating caffeine or caffeine-rich beverages to cognitive decline reveals only 6 studies that have collected and analyzed cognition data in a prospective fashion that enables study of decline across the spectrum of cognition. These 6 studies, in general, evaluate cognitive function using the Mini Mental State Exam and base their beverage data on FFQs. Studies included in our review differed in their source populations, duration of study, and most dramatically in how their analyses were done, disallowing direct quantitative comparisons of their effect estimates. Only one of the studies reported on all 3 exposures, coffee, tea, and caffeine, making comparisons of findings across studies more difficult. However, in general, it can be stated that for all studies of tea and most studies of coffee and caffeine, the estimates of cognitive decline were lower among consumers, although there is a lack of a distinct dose response. Only a few measures showed a quantitative significance and, interestingly, studies indicate a stronger effect among women than men.

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“…17,[19][20][21] However, despite a large number of studies that support the concept of cognitive reserve, [22][23][24] other studies have found little or no support for it. [25][26][27][28] Albeit, studying cognitive reserve is difficult because there are different methods of how it is measured (ie, cognitive changes over time; from a cross-sectional sample, subtracting a standardized measure of a fluid ability from a standardized measure of crystallized ability) and different assumptions of what affects it (ie, does the amount of education predict it or does the quality of that education matter?). So the reader should keep these methodological issues in mind when interpreting the results of studies examining cognitive reserve.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential factors that may promote successful cognitive aging

Vance¹

2012

NRR

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Abstract:With the unprecedented number of older adults worldwide, it is important to consider ways of facilitating successful cognitive aging. One way to think of this is by augmenting or bolstering cognitive reserve. Loosely defined, cognitive reserve is considered a neurological reservoir that can be depleted by physiological insults (eg, white matter hyperintensities, oxidative stress) to the brain but yet maintain optimal cognitive functioning. Cognitive reserve is built up or depleted by processes of positive and negative neuroplasticity, respectively. Lifestyle factors such as physical exercise (+), mental stimulation (+), good sleep hygiene (+), substance abuse (-), sedentary lifestyle (-), chronic stress and depression (-), social isolation (-), and poor health (-) can either promote or discourage positive and negative neuroplasticity, which in turn impacts cognitive reserve. Nurses are encouraged to understand these processes so they can help facilitate successful cognitive aging in their patients.

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Use of Spoken and Written Japanese Did Not Protect Japanese-American Men From Cognitive Decline in Late Life

Abstract: We did not find evidence to support the hypothesis that multilingualism is associated with cognitive reserve.

Cited by 61 publications

References 38 publications

The Protective Effect of Cantonese/Mandarin Bilingualism on the Onset of Alzheimer Disease

The Protective Effect of Cantonese/Mandarin Bilingualism on the Onset of Alzheimer Disease

Epidemiologic Evidence of a Relationship between Tea, Coffee, or Caffeine Consumption and Cognitive Decline

Potential factors that may promote successful cognitive aging

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