Use of Stability Analysis for Long‐Term Soil Fertility Experiments

Raun, W. R.; Barreto, H. J.; Westerman, R. L.

doi:10.2134/agronj1993.00021962008500010029x

Cited by 77 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…They found that compared with NPK, the combined application of NPK and FYM resulted in a higher increase in SOC in the maize and wheat-maize systems than in rice and rice-wheat systems, and in increased crop yields during the last few years of the experiment for the maize and wheat-maize systems, but during the initial years in the rice and rice-wheat systems. Zhang et al (2009c) found that longterm application of pig manure resulted in continuous increase in SOC and total soil N in a wheat-corn rotation system, and that the highest rate of NPKM increased SOC the most, while the application of only inorganic fertilizers had little influence on SOC, but decreased total soil N. Raun et al (1993) found that when environmental conditions were not good (environmental mean yield was <2 Mg ha −1 ), the NPK-treated plots had better yield than the cattle manure treatment, while when the growing conditions were optimal, cattle manure treatment had a better performance. Thus, the combination of both types of fertilizers produced a more stable yield.…”

Section: Combination Of Inorganic and Organic Fertilizers Leads To Momentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term experiments for sustainable nutrient management in China. A review

Miao¹,

Stewart²,

Zhang³

2010

Agronomy Sust. Developm.

455

215

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-China is facing one of the largest challenges of this century to continue to increase annual cereal production to about 600 Mt by 2030 to ensure food security with shrinking cropland and limited resources, while maintaining or improving soil fertility, and protecting the environment. Rich experiences in integrated and efficient utilization of different strategies of crop rotation, intercropping, and all possible nutrient resources accumulated by Chinese farmers in traditional farming systems have been gradually abandoned and nutrient management shifted to over-reliance on synthetic fertilizers. China is now the world's largest producer, consumer and importer of chemical fertilizers. Overapplication of nitrogen (N) is common in intensive agricultural regions, and current N-uptake efficiency was reported to be only 28.3, 28.2 and 26.1% for rice, wheat and maize, respectively, and less than 20% in intensive agricultural regions and for fruit trees or vegetable crops. In addition to surface and groundwater pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, over-application of N fertilizers has caused significant soil acidification in major Chinese croplands, decreasing soil pH by 0.13 to 2.20. High yield as a top priority, small-scale farming, lack of temporal synchronization of nutrient supply and crop demand, lack of effective extension systems, and hand application of fertilizers by farmers are possible reasons leading to the over-application problems. There is little doubt that current nutrient management practices are not sustainable and more efficient management systems need to be developed. A review of long-term experiments conducted around the world indicated that chemical fertilizer alone is not enough to improve or maintain soil fertility at high levels and the soil acidification problem caused by overapplication of synthetic N fertilizers can be reduced if more fertilizer N is applied as NO − 3 relative to ammonium-or urea-based N fertilizers. Organic fertilizers can improve soil fertility and quality, but long-term application at high rates can also lead to more nitrate leaching, and accumulation of P, if not managed well. Well-managed combination of chemical and organic fertilizers can overcome the disadvantages of applying single source of fertilizers and sustainably achieve higher crop yields, improve soil fertility, alleviate soil acidification problems, and increase nutrient-use efficiency compared with only using chemical fertilizers. Crop yield can be increased through temporal diversity using crop rotation strategies compared with continuous cropping and legume-based cropping systems can reduce carbon and nitrogen losses. Crop yield responses to N fertilization can vary significantly from year to year due to variation in weather conditions and indigenous N supply, thus the commonly adopted prescriptive approach to N management needs to be replaced by a responsive in-season management approach based on diagnosis of crop growth, N status and demand. A crop sensor-based in-season site-specific N mana...

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Section: Combination Of Inorganic and Organic Fertilizers Leads To Momentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term experiments for sustainable nutrient management in China. A review

Miao¹,

Stewart²,

Zhang³

2010

Agronomy Sust. Developm.

455

215

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“…Although the effect of manure application on yield is lower than that of NPK fertilization, usage of farmyard manure brings about other positive aspects, especially to soil properties. It serves, for instance as a source of organic matter, it increases stability of soil aggregates, influences soil water regime, activity of soil microorganisms and amount of microbial biomass (Raun et al 1993, Karlen and Doran 1993. A greater effect on grain yield of cereals is reported at combined application of manure and mineral fertilizers (Manna et al 2005).…”

Section: Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mineral and organic fertilization efficiency in long-term stationary experiments

Cerny¹,

Balík²,

Kulhánek³

et al. 2010

Plant Soil Environ.

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In long-term stationary experiments under different soil-climatic conditions, an influence of mineral and organic fertilization on yield of winter wheat, spring barley and potato tubers was evaluated. Statistically significantly lowest grain yields of winter wheat (4.00 t/ha) and spring barley (2.81 t/ha) were obtained in non-fertilized plots at all experimental sites. In the case of potatoes, the lowest yield of dry matter (5.71 t/ha) was recorded in the control plot, but the result was not statistically significant. The manure-fertilized plot gave the average yield of wheat higher by 30%, of barley by 22%. Application of sewage sludge resulted in wheat yield higher by 41% and barley yield higher by 26% over control. On average, application of sewage sludge and manure increased the yield of potatoes by 30% over control. The highest yield was obtained after application of mineral fertilizers; average yield increased by 59, 50 and 36% in winter wheat, spring barley and potatoes, respectively. No statistically significant differences among the plots with mineral fertilizers were observed. At different sites, the yield of studied crops varied; however, the effect of fertilization on yield increments was similar at all experimental sites except for Lukavec. It is the site with the lowest natural soil fertility, and it showed the highest effect of the applied fertilizers.

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“…Practically, longterm experiments enable observations on changes in crop growth patterns and management effects on slow-moving factors such soil organic matter, which cannot be done in any other way (Jenkinson 1991;Mitchell et al 1991). They are important for designing cropping systems with high and stable crop yields and low production risk (Raun et al 1993;Stanger et al 2008). We analysed maize grain yield data from rain-fed long-term studies on tillage and residue management from semi-arid to sub-humid environments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A meta-analysis of long-term effects of conservation agriculture on maize grain yield under rain-fed conditions

Rusinamhodzi

Corbeels²,

Wijk

et al. 2011

Agron. Sustain. Dev.

394

260

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Conservation agriculture involves reduced tillage, permanent soil cover and crop rotations to enhance soil fertility and to supply food from a dwindling land resource. Recently, conservation agriculture has been promoted in Southern Africa, mainly for maize-based farming systems. However, maize yields under rain-fed conditions are often variable. There is therefore a need to identify factors that influence crop yield under conservation agriculture and rain-fed conditions. Here, we studied maize grain yield data from experiments lasting 5 years and more under rain-fed conditions. We assessed the effect of long-term tillage and residue retention on maize grain yield under contrasting soil textures, nitrogen input and climate. Yield variability was measured by stability analysis. Our results show an increase in maize yield over time with conservation agriculture practices that include rotation and high input use in low rainfall areas. But we observed no difference in system stability under those conditions. We observed a strong relationship between maize grain yield and annual rainfall. Our meta-analysis gave the following findings: (1) 92% of the data show that mulch cover in high rainfall areas leads to lower yields due to waterlogging; (2) 85% of data show that soil texture is important in the temporal development of conservation agriculture effects, improved yields are likely on well-drained soils; (3) 73% of the data show that conservation agriculture practices require high inputs especially N for improved yield; (4) 63% of data show that increased yields are obtained with rotation but calculations often do not include the variations in rainfall within and between seasons; (5) 56% of the data show that reduced tillage with no mulch cover leads to lower yields in semi-arid areas; and (6) when adequate fertiliser is available, rainfall is the most important determinant of yield in southern Africa. It is clear from our results that conservation agriculture needs to be targeted and adapted to specific biophysical conditions for improved impact.

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Use of Stability Analysis for Long‐Term Soil Fertility Experiments

Cited by 77 publications

References 11 publications

Long-term experiments for sustainable nutrient management in China. A review

Long-term experiments for sustainable nutrient management in China. A review

Mineral and organic fertilization efficiency in long-term stationary experiments

A meta-analysis of long-term effects of conservation agriculture on maize grain yield under rain-fed conditions

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