Use of sterile triploid Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) for aquaculture in New Brunswick, Canada

Benfey, Tillmann J.

doi:10.1006/jmsc.2000.1019

Cited by 101 publications

(95 citation statements)

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“…Triploid salmon, for example, are known to show a high incidence of skeletal deformities (Sadler et al 2000, Benfey 2001. Also, the uniformity of compressed vertebrae hints at the possibility of genetic factors as the cause of the development of 'short tails'.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compressed vertebrae in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar: evidence for metaplastic chondrogenesis as a skeletogenic response late in ontogeny

Witten¹,

Gil-Martens²,

Hall³

et al. 2005

Dis. Aquat. Org.

139

190

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Anterior/posterior (a/p) compression of the vertebral column, referred to as 'short tails', is a recurring event in farmed Atlantic salmon. Like other skeletal deformities, the problem usually becomes evident in a late life phase, too late for preventive measures, making it difficult to understand the aetiology of the disease. We use structural, radiological, histological, and mineral analyses to study 'short tail' adult salmon and to demonstrate that the study of adult fish can provide important insights into earlier developmental processes. 'Short tails' display a/p compressed vertebrae throughout the spine, except for the first post-cranial vertebrae. The vertebral number is unaltered, but the intervertebral space is reduced and the vertebrae are shorter. Compressed vertebrae are characterized by an unchanged central part, altered vertebral end plates (straight instead of funnel-shaped), an atypical inward bending of the vertebral edges, and structural alterations in the intervertebral tissue. The spongiosa is unaffected. The growth zones of adjacent vertebrae fuse and blend towards the intervertebral space into chondrogenic tissue. This tissue produces different types of cartilage, replacing the notochord. The correspondence in location of intervertebral cartilage and deformed vertebral end plates, and the clearly delimited, unaltered, central vertebral parts suggest that the a/p compression of vertebral bodies is a late developmental disorder that may be related to a metaplastic shift of osteogenic tissue into chondrogenic tissue in the vertebral growth zone. Given the lack of evidence for infections, metabolic disorders and/or genetic disorders, we propose that an altered mechanical load could have caused the transformation of the bone growth zones and the concomitant replacement of the intervertebral (notochord) tissue by cartilaginous tissues in the 'short tails' studied here. This hypothesis is supported by the role that notochord cells are known to play in spine development and in maintaining the structure of the intervertebral disk.KEY WORDS: Notochord · Skeletal deformities · Vertebral malformations · Metaplasia · Bone · Salmon · Chondrogenesis Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 64: [237][238][239][240][241][242][243][244][245][246] 2005 be regarded as undeformed (McKay & Gjerde 1986, Madsen et al. 2000. In Atlantic salmon Salmo salar the pronounced a/p compression of the vertebral column results in a phenotype that is characterized by a reduced fork length (FL) and increased body height, traits that result in a deformity-related high condition factor (CF). These individuals are referred to as 'short tails' (Vågsholm & Djupvik 1998).The appearance of 'short tails' is a recurrent problem in salmon farming. The prevalence can vary from year to year, from region to region, and from cage to cage. Some observations suggest that the prevalence of 'short tails' follows a smolt group, with higher frequencies in groups of fast growth smolts...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compressed vertebrae in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar: evidence for metaplastic chondrogenesis as a skeletogenic response late in ontogeny

Witten¹,

Gil-Martens²,

Hall³

et al. 2005

Dis. Aquat. Org.

139

190

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“…En el caso de los peces triploides, estos son funcionalmente estériles debido a una falla en el movimiento y unión (sinapsis) de los cromosomas homólogos al momento de aparearse durante la meiosis I (Cassani & Caton, 1985;Arai & Wilkins, 1987;Aldridge et al, 1990;Benfey, 2001;Pradeep et al, 2012a). En este caso, las células goniales (espermatogonias y oogonias) son el único tipo de células afectadas, ya que todos los tipos celulares restantes se dividen por mitosis en lugar de meiosis.…”

Section: Desarrollo Gonadal Y Proporción De Sexosunclassified

Fisiologia de los peces triploides

Alcántar‐Vázquez

2016

lajar

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RESUMEN.La triploidía se ha convertido en una herramienta recomendable para la acuicultura, ya que los problemas asociados con la maduración gonadal pueden ser eliminados o bien reducidos mediante la producción de peces triploides, los cuales son funcionalmente estériles. Aunque la posibilidad de esterilizar una gran cantidad de individuos ha convertido a la triploidía en un tema relevante económicamente, los cambios fisiológicos provocados por la adición de un tercer juego de cromosomas, ofrecen la posibilidad de estudiar procesos básicos en peces con diferente nivel de ploidía. A nivel fisiológico, la triploidía está estrechamente relacionada con el incremento del tamaño celular y sus repercusiones en varios procesos metabólicos y bioquímicos. El objetivo del presente trabajo es describir las principales consecuencias fisiológicas reportadas para peces marinos y dulceacuícolas, resultado de la inducción a la triploidía. Comprender estas consecuencias es de vital importancia para maximizar el desempeño de los peces triploides durante el cultivo. Palabras clave: triploidía, esterilidad, tamaño celular, crecimiento, eritrocito, desarrollo gonadal. Physiology of triploid fishABSTRACT. Triploidy has become a recommended tool for aquaculture since problems associated with gonadal maturation can be eliminated or reduced by producing triploid fish, which are functionally sterile. Although the possibility of sterilizing a large number of individuals has helped for triploidy to become an important issue economically, the physiological changes caused by the addition of a third set of chromosomes provides the opportunity to study basic processes in fish with a higher ploidy status. At physiological level the consequences of triploidy are closely related to the increase of cell size and its subsequent impact on various metabolic and biochemical processes. The aim of this work is to describe the main physiological consequences reported for marine and freshwater fishes resulting from the induction of triploidy. Understanding these consequences is of vital importance to maximize the performance of triploid fish under culture.

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“…Resistance to this is likely to be very strong, however, amongst consumers and the strong recreational salmon fishermen's lobbies which actively resist salmon aquaculture in its current form (Conley 1998). The possibility of farmed salmon breeding with and thus diluting the genetic integrity of wild populations is of key concern but this may be mitigated if farmed salmon are sterile, through triploidy for example (Benfey 2001). …”

Section: Developing By-product Utilisation and Directing Best Utilisamentioning

confidence: 99%

Perspectives on the Utilization of Aquaculture Coproduct in Europe and Asia: Prospects for Value Addition and Improved Resource Efficiency

Newton

Telfer

Little

2013

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition

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Faculty of Natural SciencesInstitute of Aquaculture Doctor of PhilosophyBy-products and mortalities from aquaculture have often posed significant challenges to the industry because of their low value resulting in high costs and environmental impact from their disposal. However increasing interest is being expressed in their utilisation to add value to the aquaculture industry and provide synergies with industries which had previously been in competition with aquaculture.Current and prospective processing by-product and farm mortality utilisation strategies were reviewed along with regulations and standards which aim to control their use and protect against human and animal health hazards.The role of aquaculture and fishery by-products in the supply of fishmeal was investigated and it was found that both sectors had the potential to contribute to increasing global supply. There were significant quantities of processing by-products identified which could be directed to fishmeal manufacture but there were also significant amounts of fish production which were not being processed in some regions and could also add to supplies. Processing by-products from aquaculture species often exceed 50% of the production by mass and therefore their efficient utilisation is of significant importance to the overall performance of the value chain. Their utilisation ii strategies are diverse and in some circumstances offer the possibility to add significant value.Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is increasingly being used to inform decision makers and consumers about the environmental performance of goods and services to make choices on best practices and informative decisions on purchasing choices. Current methodology in LCA was critiqued and developed to be used for identifying disproportionate impacts from by-product industries and comparative assessment of the eco-efficiency of value chains from Thai shrimp, Vietnamese Pangasius catfish and Scottish salmon aquaculture.New LCA methodology was developed assessing the eco-efficiency of co-products as a whole and in relation to a tonne of edible yield. Measuring the impact of the by-product industry in relation to their edible yield gave different results to measuring their ecoefficiency between the three study species. It was found that the Thai shrimp value chain was the most eco-efficient when by-products were directed to chitosan and hydrolysate manufacture, but production of the salmon was the least impacting between the species in terms of edible yield. Pangasius was the most environmentally impacting of the three species value chains using both methods. It was also found that the upstream impacts of fish and shrimp production, especially feed manufacture, contributed most to the environmental impact in most circumstances, using both economic and mass allocation.Although the methodology produced interesting results, there were some drawbacks and the data sets also had several gaps which led to some assumptions, which could have skewed the results and interpretation.The cau...

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Use of sterile triploid Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) for aquaculture in New Brunswick, Canada

Cited by 101 publications

References 21 publications

Compressed vertebrae in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar: evidence for metaplastic chondrogenesis as a skeletogenic response late in ontogeny

Compressed vertebrae in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar: evidence for metaplastic chondrogenesis as a skeletogenic response late in ontogeny

Fisiologia de los peces triploides

Perspectives on the Utilization of Aquaculture Coproduct in Europe and Asia: Prospects for Value Addition and Improved Resource Efficiency

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