Use of surface-enhanced Raman scattering as a prognostic indicator of acute kidney transplant rejection

Abstract

We report an early, noninvasive and rapid prognostic method of predicting potential acute kidney dysfunction using surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Our analysis was performed on urine samples collected prospectively from 58 kidney transplant patients using a He-Ne laser (632.8 nm) as the excitation source. All abnormal kidney function episodes (three acute rejections and two acute kidney failures that were eventually diagnosed independently by clinical biopsy) consistently exhibited unique SERS spectral features in just one day following the transplant surgery. These results suggested that SERS analysis provides an early and more specific indication to kidney function than the clinically used biomarker, serum creatinine (sCr).

Raman Spectroscopy for the Diagnosis of Intratubular Triamterene Crystallization

“…In addition, in a preliminary study of renal allograft recipients, silver nanoparticle-enhanced spectra obtained from urine samples collected 1 day after surgery identified allografts at risk for future dysfunction. 28 The authors postulated free heme may be the source of the prognostic Raman peak in these samples.…”

Therapeutic prognosis of prostate cancer using surface‐enhanced Raman scattering of patient urine and multivariate statistical analysis

“…AgNPs were subsequently immobilized on silicon wafer to obtain SERS‐active substrate. The detailed method of immobilization was reported in our earlier publication [34]. Briefly, thoroughly cleaned silicon wafer was first immersed in polyallylamine hydrochloride (PAH) (MW 1500 g, Aldrich) aqueous solution (0.2 mg/mL, pH 9) for 30 minutes to allow adsorption of monolayer adsorption of positively charged PAH.…”

“…A custom-built Raman spectrometer was used to analyze the 75 urine samples in the Re and NRe cohorts in the spectral range of 300 to 1700 cm −1 . Instrument configuration can be found in our previous publication [34]. Briefly, a continuous wave He-Ne laser (632.8 nm) is collimated to a single mode fiber.…”

Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering analysis of urine from deceased donors as a prognostic tool for kidney transplant outcome

“… by mixing potassium iodide (KI) with concentrated AgNPs colloidal solution. The synthesis of AgNPs colloidal solution was described in our earlier publications . Briefly, silver nitrate was reduced into metal AgNPs by sodium citrate under UV light exposure and continuous stirring in water bath.…”

“…The optical setup of our Raman system was reported in our earlier paper . Briefly, a 632.8 nm laser was used as the excitation source and the laser power was approximately 0.5 mW to avoid overheating.…”