Use of the horse grimace scale to identify and quantify pain due to dental disorders in horses

Coneglian, Mariana Marcantonio; Borges, Tâmara Duarte; Weber, Saulo Henrique; Bertagnon, Heloisa Godoi; Michelotto, Pedro Vicente

doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2020.104970

Cited by 19 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…88 Photographs were used for the SPFES and FerGS, 52,78 and the studies involving the EQUUS-FAP and EQUUS-Donkey-FAP used real-time scoring. 15,43 The latter type of scoring was also described using the MGS, RGS, RbtGS, HGS, and FelGS 3,8,19,41,57 as an alternative method to still images for pain assessment. The standard methodology of collecting images from video recordings is laborious and retrospective.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement properties of grimace scales for pain assessment in nonhuman mammals: a systematic review

Evangelista

Monteiro

Steagall

2021

Pain

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement properties of grimace scales for pain assessment in nonhuman mammals: a systematic review

Evangelista

Monteiro

Steagall

2021

Pain

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“…The systematic use of facial expressions as a tool to assess pain in non-human animals was initially proposed in 2010 when a mouse grimace scale was developed [ 10 ]. Protocols to assess facial expressions have been published for several species, including horses [ 2 , 4 , 11 , 12 ]. A recent study has also analyzed the use of the Equine Facial Action Coding System (EquiFACS) [ 13 ] and concluded that facial expressions can be a reliable indicator of pain in horses and also found that facial expressions related to pain, described by EquiFACS, occur in the same anatomical regions as described by the Horse Grimace Scale (HGS) [ 2 ] and An Equine Pain Face protocol [ 11 , 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pain assessment in horses using automatic facial expression recognition through deep learning-based modeling

et al. 2021

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The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a machine vision algorithm to assess the pain level in horses, using an automatic computational classifier based on the Horse Grimace Scale (HGS) and trained by machine learning method. The use of the Horse Grimace Scale is dependent on a human observer, who most of the time does not have availability to evaluate the animal for long periods and must also be well trained in order to apply the evaluation system correctly. In addition, even with adequate training, the presence of an unknown person near an animal in pain can result in behavioral changes, making the evaluation more complex. As a possible solution, the automatic video-imaging system will be able to monitor pain responses in horses more accurately and in real-time, and thus allow an earlier diagnosis and more efficient treatment for the affected animals. This study is based on assessment of facial expressions of 7 horses that underwent castration, collected through a video system positioned on the top of the feeder station, capturing images at 4 distinct timepoints daily for two days before and four days after surgical castration. A labeling process was applied to build a pain facial image database and machine learning methods were used to train the computational pain classifier. The machine vision algorithm was developed through the training of a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) that resulted in an overall accuracy of 75.8% while classifying pain on three levels: not present, moderately present, and obviously present. While classifying between two categories (pain not present and pain present) the overall accuracy reached 88.3%. Although there are some improvements to be made in order to use the system in a daily routine, the model appears promising and capable of measuring pain on images of horses automatically through facial expressions, collected from video images.

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“…Disorders of the endocrine system in geriatric horses are mostly associated with PPID (72). This disease is often identified with Equine Cushing Syndrome (ECS) and is due to the very high probability of endocrine disorder caused by an increased concentration of, for example, acetylcholine (ACh) in the plasma (40,56).…”

Section: Endocrinological and Neuroendocrine Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health problems in geriatric horses

Ratz¹,

Kaczmarek²,

Wnuk–Pawlak³

et al. 2021

Medycyna Weterynaryjna

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Geriatric horses, like other animals (and humans), suffer from various diseases called old-age diseases. This publication has been developed in response to the needs of owners and caretakers of a growing number of geriatric horses. Since the horse has a long life span, the geriatric stage can encompass up to 1/3 of the animal’s lifetime and can quite often last more than 10 years. This paper aims at systematizing the information of the most prevalent geriatric diseases in horses which inhibit their performance and considerably lower their quality of life. Knowledge of these diseases can help to avoid mistakes when keeping and managing such horses and may provide guidelines for maintaining welfare and preventive treatments. This article reviews the most prevalent old age health problems, their origin, diagnostics, course and effects for the body. Information about the most common diseases of old age in horses is found in 119 references. The nine sub-chapters include the diseases of the digestive system, especially the oral cavity, the stomach and bowels’ diseases, the respiratory system, the cardiovascular system, dysfunctions of the locomotor system, eye diseases, endocrine and neuroendocrine diseases as well as the immune system, neoplasms and general body condition. It should be emphasized that there is the possibility to maintain the well-being of geriatric horses through progress in veterinary medicine and sharing knowledge of equine functioning and health protection. Preventive health care should include regular blood testing, regular dental check-ups and adequate nutrition adapted to the overall condition, dental condition, physical activity and comorbidities. Adequate individual supplementation recommended by a nutrition specialist and a veterinarian is also essential.

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Use of the horse grimace scale to identify and quantify pain due to dental disorders in horses

Cited by 19 publications

References 20 publications

Measurement properties of grimace scales for pain assessment in nonhuman mammals: a systematic review

Measurement properties of grimace scales for pain assessment in nonhuman mammals: a systematic review

Pain assessment in horses using automatic facial expression recognition through deep learning-based modeling

Health problems in geriatric horses

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