Use of the indirect axillary pulse tracing for noninvasive determination of ejection time, upstroke time, and left ventricular wall stress throughout ejection in infants and young children

Integrated wall stress: a new methodological approach to assess ventricular workload and myocardial contractile reserve

“…This formula appears physiologically acceptable provided that ED-WS is sufficiently low compared with the PS-WS (approximately 10%, as is shown in Figures 4B and C). ES-WS was previously introduced as a useful tool for assessing myocardial loading status and myocardial oxygen consumption, but its measurement requires complicated preparation [28,29]. Because there is an excellent correlation between PS-WS and ES-WS, it has been demonstrated that ES-WS can be substituted by PS-WS [28], which can be easily obtained non-invasively [30].…”

“…ES-WS was previously introduced as a useful tool for assessing myocardial loading status and myocardial oxygen consumption, but its measurement requires complicated preparation [28,29]. Because there is an excellent correlation between PS-WS and ES-WS, it has been demonstrated that ES-WS can be substituted by PS-WS [28], which can be easily obtained non-invasively [30]. ES-WS was previously determined as a useful marker to quantify LV afterload and contractility that can be simply and accurately measured non-invasively [15].…”

Appendix 1: Normal Values for Cardiovascular Structures

“…The end-systolic blood pressure was obtained by interpolation of the position of the dicrotic notch on the carotid pulse tracing [3][4][5]. End-diastole was defined as the time of the maximum left ventricular dimension, and end-systole was defined as the time of aortic valve closure.…”

Noninvasive Serial Evaluation of Myocardial Mechanics in Pressure Overload Hypertrophy of Rabbit Myocardium

“…Meridional peak systolic stress and FS were obtained from the continuous systolic stress calculation [4,7,9,30]. Similar calculations were performed for peak and end-systolic FS.…”