Use of tree and shrub belts to control leakage in three dryland cropping environments

Abstract

The water extraction of deep-rooted perennial trees and shrub belts integrated with annual cropping/grazing systems was studied at 3 sites in the 300–450 mm rainfall zone of the Murray–Darling Basin of south-eastern Australia. Within 4 years of planting alley farming systems on cropland, the soil directly below and near the belts had dried the deep profile. Between 82 and 261 mm of extra soil water storage capacity was created in the 2.5 to 5.5–6 m profile. At Palamana (the only site monitored to greater depth), living roots were found 16 m below the surface. The cumulative water content of the soil to 12 m under the belts was 600 mm less than of soil cores extracted from nearby cropland. This water storage difference created under the belts is greater than the largest episodic event likely in this region and it is therefore unlikely that leakage will occur directly under or within a few metres of the belts. The early growth of the belts was rapid and the leaf area of the belts far exceeded that of remnant mallee eucalypt vegetation. The belts used water that had accumulated deep in the profile below the annual cropping systems they replaced. However, the belts only used water from below or within a few metres from the edge with the adjacent cropland. As suggested by RJ Harper et al. (2000), a much greater amount of potential recharge could be controlled if deep-rooted perennials were planted more closely across the landscape (compared with widely spaced belts). However, although the belts may be beneficial for the catchment water balance, they would be commercially unacceptable to farmers. In practice, farmers put the belts usually no less than 50–70 m apart so that less cropland is displaced and there is less belt/crop competition. In such cases alley farming only controls a small percentage of the total leakage, similar to the amount of crop yield lost by displacement and competition. It would be better to use a full coverage of perennials on soils where annual systems are the leakiest, rather than belts across all of the landscape, some of which may not be very leaky and could be highly profitable for annual cropping. Leakage could be controlled under cropland in a few years by growing easy to establish perennial species to retrieve moisture deep in the profile. At Pallamana the belts utilised 600 mm of accumulated leakage from deep in the profile in less than 4 years. Based on the average annual recharge rates under annual cropping (11–35 mm) the land could be cropped again for between 17 and 55 years before that leakage accumulated again.

Soil water depletion by Eucalyptus spp. integrated into dryland agricultural systems

“…This is consistent with the results of Knight et al (2002) who found a 600 mm deficit under 4 year old Atriplex nummularia-Acacia saligna belts. This drying of the soil profile under perennial mallee stands can be contrasted with the 50-150 mm deficit commonly found for lucerne (Ward and Asseng 2002), the farming system advocated for salinity control in southern Australia.…”

“…While there are many observations of tree roots at depth (Canadell et al 1996;Stone and Kalisz 1991), the physical and chemical constraints to tree root growth and rate of soil exploration by roots are not well defined. Previous studies have indicated that trees planted on sandy soils can extract water from depths of 8-12 m and prevent recharge laterally from 4 m within 4 years (Dye 1996;Eastham et al 1994;Knight et al 2002).…”

Deep-drainage control and yield: the trade-off between trees and crops in agroforestry systems in the medium to low rainfall areas of Australia

“…This method appears to work best when applied to eucalypts >6 years old in equilibrium with rainfall between 300-700 mm. When the Ellis approach was applied to younger trees, the NRZ predicted from LAI native was greater than that based on measurement of soil water content adjacent to young trees (Knight et al 2002). This may reflect young trees taking up stored water in their immediate vicinity, resulting in fast initial growth and high leaf area, which then reduces as the trees adapt to surviving on rainfall alone and venture out into the adjacent cropped zone in search of water.…”

Long term trends of stand transpiration in a remnant forest during wet and dry years

“…In particular, the replacement of trees by annual crops and pastures has decreased annual transpiration rates from vegetation and consequently increased the rate of recharge of aquifers (George et al, 1999;Hatton and Nulsen, 1999;Hatton et al, 2003). Under remnant native vegetation, recharge rates can be as low as 0.1-20 mm y À1 (Allison et al, 1990;Dunin, 1992;Knight et al, 2002) whilst recharge under crops and pasture may be an order of magnitude, or more, larger (Greenwood et al, 1985;Farrington et al, 1992). However, such estimates are based on relatively few measurements, in space and time and do not include comparisons of years receiving above-and below-average rainfall.…”