Use of ultrasound to diagnose testicular degeneration in a goat

Ahmad, Nazir; Noakes, D.E.; Middleton, Derek

doi:10.1136/vr.132.17.436

Cited by 19 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…The mediastinal line showed reduced heterogeneous echogenicity, likely increase the parenchyma showed heterogeneous echogenicity and a small amount of free fluid in the pouch. Ahmad et al (1993 ) and Ahmad and Noakes (1995 ) observed similar hyperechoic areas in the testicular parenchyma of infertile male goats and being diagnosed as testicular degeneration showing a similar feature as in the present study. Ali et al (2011) studied ten cases of infertility in buffalo bulls through ultrasound, and observed six cases of change in ultrasound images, with three cases diagnosed as testicular degeneration.…”

Section: Testicular Degenerationsupporting

confidence: 89%

Ultrasound as tool for diagnosis of diseases of the reproductive tract bulls

Sousa¹,

Filho²,

Ribeiro

et al. 2015

AVS

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ABSTRACT:The purpose of this study was to evaluate by ultrasound and breeding soundness examination (BSE) the major diseases affecting the reproductive tract of Nelore bulls, bred extensively in the state of Para, Brazil. Fifty-nine pure Nelore bulls were used, aged between 5 to 10 years, raised extensively in a commercial farm in the municipality of Paragominas, Pará state, Brazil. Scrotal circumference, testicular length and width were measured. Semen collection for evaluation of ejaculate volume, wave motion, motility, vigor, concentration and sperm pathologies was performed. Ultrasound examination was performed by equipment type Ultrasonic Transducer -CHISON/D600vet, linear transducers, where the frequency used was 5 MHz, being held two images of each testis, the longitudinal-lateral, lateral and transverse planes. The images were processed using the program Image J. The data were analyzed using the statistical program SAS (2000) and means were compared using Tukey's test (p<0.05). Among the fifty-nine bulls evaluated, 39 (66.1%) were classified as suitable for breeding and 20 (33.8 %) were classified as unsuitable. Throughout the use of ultrasonography changes as testicular degeneration one case (1.6%), one of orchitis (1.6%), one of hydrocele (1.6%), nine of calcification (15.2%) and two cysts in the testicular region parenchyma (3.3%) were found. The average scrotal circumference was 38.6±2.4 and 40.4±3.6 cm for the animals fit and unfit for reproduction categories respectively, observing statistical difference (P < 0.05). The average physical characteristics of semen for breeding animals was 74.2±18.8% for motility, 2.9±1.62% for wave motion, 3.2±1.08% for vigor, 4.7 ± 2.58 mL for volume, 0.84 ± 0.56 x106 sperm/mm 3 concentration and 9.4±4.7% of total sperm pathologies. For the unfit animals data was 73.2±24.6% for motility, 2.8±1.78% for wave motion, 3.3±1.17 vigor, 4.5 ± 2.16 mL volume, 27±0.14% of total sperm pathologies and 0.85±0.51 x 10 6 sperm/mm 3 for concentration. Statistical differences in the percentage of total sperm pathologies between fit and unfit animals was observed (P<0.05). The mean pixel intensity of testicular parenchyma was 45.35 to 45.25 for fit for animals unfit animals, without any statistical difference (P>0.05). Thus, it can be concluded that ultrasonography is an essential complementary tool in the diagnosis of reproductive disorders in animals subjected to BSE and its use should be recommended.

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Section: Testicular Degenerationsupporting

confidence: 89%

Ultrasound as tool for diagnosis of diseases of the reproductive tract bulls

Sousa¹,

Filho²,

Ribeiro

et al. 2015

AVS

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“…Despite an extensive literature search, only a few papers on testicular calcifications in ruminants could be found. For example, testicular calcifications were found in association with testicular dysgenesis in Sitka Black-tailed deer in Alaska , testicular degeneration in beef bulls having small testes (Veeramachaneni et al, 1986), degenerative changes in the seminiferous tubules of goats occurring spontaneously (Ahmad et al, 1993) or with experimentally induced Trypanosoma evansi orchitis (Ngeranwa et al, 1991). In Merino sheep the prevalence of testicular lesions, including calcifications, increased with age (Watt, 1978).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testicular microlithiasis and neoplastic lesions in wild eland (Tragelaphus oryx): Possible effects of exposure to environmental pollutants?

Bornman

Barnhoorn

Jager

et al. 2010

Environmental Research

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The purpose of the study was to compare wildlife in the proximity and away from the sources of known industrial pollution. Macroscopic, focal, gritty areas that appeared white were showed that 11 out of 17 RNR eland contained a detectable estrogenic chemical pnonylphenol (mean ± SD: 184.8 ± 24.6 µg/kg fat); no organochlorine chemicals or polychlorinated biphenyls were detected. Of the 7 SNR eland, 5 had detectable octylphenol residues (50.2 ± 30.9 µg/kg fat), 3 had detectable p-nonylphenol (137.8 ± 77.9 µg/kg fat), 3had o-p'-DDT (114.9 ± 31.1 µg/kg fat), 3 had p-p'-DDT (127.3 ± 49.9 µg/kg(79.5 ± 30.4 µg/kg fat) and 5 contained o-p'-DDE (27.7 ± 9.9 µg/kg fat). One eland from the MNR contained one 70.6 µg o-p'-DDT/kg fat and another p-p'-DDE 61.3 µg/kg fat. Therefore, in eland with testicular abnormalities, significant amounts of various estrogenic chemicals were bioaccumulated in fat samples. It therefore seems likely that the lesions found in RNR and SNR were associated with the relatively high body-burden of environmental pollutants (phenols), although the possibility of systemic infections cannot be ruled out. No testicular 3 abnormalities were found in reference eland. These findings are the first indication of mammalian wildlife being affected by environmental pollution of endocrine disrupting chemicals in South Africa.

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“…These hyperechoic areas were assumed to represent mineralization in the testes. Ahmad et al [33] and Ahmad and Noakes [5] observed hyperechoic areas in the testicular parenchyma of infertile bucks. According to Lenz and Giwercman [34], such bright echogenic spots were representing microlithiasis or microcalcifications.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%