“…To obtain insights into the multicolor bioluminescence of the firefly, the polarized continuum model (PCM) [25,26] in the Gaussian 03 package [27] and the conductor-like screening model (COSMO) [28] in the Turbomole package [29] have been used to treat the effects due to the bulk water on the above two models. [17,18,[30][31][32] Explicit water molecules are often critical in predicting the absorption and emission spectra; for example, Nakatani [16] and Liu et al [33] proposed that explicit water molecules made the bioluminescence shift to red. Herein, we focus on the effects of three factors, namely, metal counter ion, the positively charged Nterminal amino acid, and the possible chemiluminescence by protonation on the emission of the active site molecules, keto(À1), and the resonance structure, keto(À1)', in bulk water.…”