Use of Zeolites for Phthalocyanine Synthesis at Low Temperature

Abstract

Non-substituted phthalocyanines have been synthesised starting from phthalonitrile in various non-aqueous solvents in the presence of two different zeolites of the clinoptilolite type is studied. The zeolites are shown to be effective matrices for phthalonitrile cyclisation at relatively low temperatures (0–40°C).

Phthalocyanines Synthesis: A State‐of‐The‐Art Review of Sustainable Approaches Through Green Chemistry Metrics

“…The literature concerning this approach for the synthesis of phthalocyanines is scarce and notably dated. There is evidence of ultrasound‐assisted synthesis of PcH 2 at low temperature (0–40 °C) using zeolites of the clinoptilolite type as solid support [89,90] . Ultrasound accelerates the reaction by 2–3 times compared to control experiments conducted without it.…”

“…There is evidence of ultrasound-assisted synthesis of PcH 2 at low temperature (0-40 °C) using zeolites of the clinoptilolite type as solid support. [89,90] Ultrasound accelerates the reaction by 2-3 times compared to control experiments conducted without it. The authors hypothesize that this acceleration is attributable to the improved generation of radical species and the continuous exposure of new active catalytic surfaces of the zeolites themselves.…”