“…The integration of other imaging modalities during real-time guidance by means of multimodal three-dimensional (3D) image fusion (IF) can address these challenges, combining the strengths of different modalities. With the fusion packages available on commercial XR systems, allowing merging of live XR fluoroscopy with preinterventionally derived patient-specific 3D models [1][2][3][4][5][6], real-time 3D transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) [7,8], or virtual anatomy derived from electroanatomic mapping [9,10], promising results have been shown for the guidance of transvascular catheter interventions, as well as during mapping and ablation of complex arrhythmias. Although IF has been proven advantageous for providing 3D anatomy, reduction of radiation exposure, increasing procedural safety and efficacy, and improved outcome [3,6,[10][11][12], a wide-spread application is hindered by: (1) fusion packages limitation to a single or restricted number of applications and noncompatibility in data transfer between different vendors or even software packages of the same vendor; (2) only basic functionality including 3D volume segmentation, manual registration, and real-time image fusion; (3) static nature of the anatomic models and non-deformable rigid registration, potentially causing overlay inaccuracy; (4) usage of proprietary localization systems, which may significantly increase the costs of the intervention, require additional equipment in the intervention space, and are partly only applicable with dedicated proprietary catheters, limiting the flexibility of catheter choice during the intervention.…”