Usefulness of the restriction–modification test plus staphylococcal cassette chromosome<i>mec</i>types and Panton–Valentine leukocidin encoding phages to identify Staphylococcus aureus methicillin-resistant clones

Non-visible hematuria, also referred to as 'microscopic hematuria' or 'dipstick positive hematuria' is a common reason for urology referrals with prevalence rates that range from 13% to 20%. The main concern for investigating non-visible hematuria, especially in the absence of lower urinary tract symptoms, is its potential relation to urinary tract malignancy, which however does not exceed 5%. The pathway of investigation of non-visible hematuria is impeded by the lack of clarity over definitions, diagnosis and specialist referral criteria. Towards that goal guidelines have been introduced by different societies. In this review we aim to discuss differences in current guideline regarding the investigation, management and follow up of non-visible hematuria. Areas covered: Guidelines, recommendations, algorithms and original articles on hematuria published in the English literature were retrieved using the following PubMed search terms 'microscopic hematuria', 'dipstick hematuria', 'non-visible hematuria' and 'guidelines'. Expert commentary: Available guidelines for investigation of microscopic hematuria actually differ both in the extent and the intensity of the proposed imaging and invasive tests. There is evidence that guidelines are not adhered to and this reflects the necessity for introducing selection criteria and maybe variable levels of investigation for microscopic hematuria depending on the individual patient.

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Non-visible asymptomatic haematuria: a review of the guidelines from the urologist’s perspective

Sountoulides

Mykoniatis

Metaxa

2017

Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy

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USA300 abroad: global spread of a virulent strain of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Nimmo

2012

Clinical Microbiology and Infection

185

127

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Clin Microbiol Infect Abstract The epidemic of USA300‐0114 methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the USA has been remarkable for its virulence and for its ability to cause infections in both the community and healthcare settings. Although it has mainly been associated with skin and soft tissue infections, particularly furunculosis, it has also caused severe life‐threatening conditions such as necrotizing pneumonia, osteomyelitis, and septic arthritis. This strain or a closely related Latin American variant has now spread to multiple countries on five continents, where associated clinical and epidemiological features have been in keeping with those seen in the USA. Furthermore, it has become the dominant community‐associated MRSA strain in five countries. It is now a major international epidemic strain, but whether it will supplant established community‐associated strains in other countries remains to be seen.

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Distribution of the Most Prevalent Spa Types among Clinical Isolates of Methicillin-Resistant and -Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus around the World: A Review

et al. 2018

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Background: Staphylococcus aureus, a leading cause of community-acquired and nosocomial infections, remains a major health problem worldwide. Molecular typing methods, such as spa typing, are vital for the control and, when typing can be made more timely, prevention of S. aureus spread around healthcare settings. The current study aims to review the literature to report the most common clinical spa types around the world, which is important for epidemiological surveys and nosocomial infection control policies.Methods: A search via PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Embase, the Cochrane library, and Scopus was conducted for original articles reporting the most prevalent spa types among S. aureus isolates. The search terms were “Staphylococcus aureus, spa typing.”Results: The most prevalent spa types were t032, t008 and t002 in Europe; t037 and t002 in Asia; t008, t002, and t242 in America; t037, t084, and t064 in Africa; and t020 in Australia. In Europe, all the isolates related to spa type t032 were MRSA. In addition, spa type t037 in Africa and t037and t437 in Australia also consisted exclusively of MRSA isolates. Given the fact that more than 95% of the papers we studied originated in the past decade there was no option to study the dynamics of regional clone emergence.Conclusion: This review documents the presence of the most prevalent spa types in countries, continents and worldwide and shows big local differences in clonal distribution.

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Usefulness of the restriction–modification test plus staphylococcal cassette chromosomemectypes and Panton–Valentine leukocidin encoding phages to identify Staphylococcus aureus methicillin-resistant clones

Cited by 3 publications

References 23 publications

Non-visible asymptomatic haematuria: a review of the guidelines from the urologist’s perspective

Non-visible asymptomatic haematuria: a review of the guidelines from the urologist’s perspective

USA300 abroad: global spread of a virulent strain of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Distribution of the Most Prevalent Spa Types among Clinical Isolates of Methicillin-Resistant and -Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus around the World: A Review

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