“…Given the competition for users' attention and interest, it is agreed that technologies must engage users to be successful. It is believed that the ability to engage and sustain engagement in digital environments can result in positive outcomes for citizen inquiry and participation, e-health, web search, e-learning, and so on (Kostkova, 2016;O'Brien & Cairns, 2016). Yet, UE is an abstract construct that manifests differently within different computer-mediated contexts.…”