Abstract:Maritime transport relies on a large amounts of fossil fuels. It provides cargo-carrying services but simultaneously emits enormous amounts of by-products such as CO2, which cause climate change. The IMO has adopted mandatory measures to reduce the shipping industry’s greenhouse gas emissions by at least 70% by 2050, relative to 2008. In this paper, we select 11 liner shipping companies as decision-making units (DMUs) that account for more than 80% of the world’s shipping capacity. Utilizing the directional di… Show more
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