Using a Drone Sounder to Measure Channels for Cell-Free Massive MIMO Systems

Choi, Thomas; Gomez-Ponce, Jorge; Bullard, Colton; Ito, Masaaki; Ohseki, Takeo; Yamazaki, Kosuke; Molisch, Andreas F.

doi:10.1109/wcnc51071.2022.9771649

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…In outdoor scenarios, drones [54,59] or humans (pedestrians [54]) are used to move the UEs. Next to using drones to emulate UEs positions, Choi et al [60], use drones to represent multiple APs in a CF system. GNSS is often employed to acquire the position [59], sometimes extended with Real Time Kinematics (RTK) [54] to improve the location accuracy.…”

Section: Ue Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

6G Radio Testbeds: Requirements, Trends, and Approaches

Callebaut,

Liu,

Eriksson

et al. 2024

IEEE Microwave

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The proof of the pudding lies in eating, that is why 6G testbeds are essential in the progress towards the next generation of wireless networks. Theoretical research towards 6G wireless networks proposes advanced technologies to serve new applications and drastically improve the energy performance of the network. Testbeds are indispensable to validate these new technologies under more realistic conditions. This paper clarifies the requirements for 6G radio testbeds, reveals trends, and introduces approaches toward their development.The sixth-generation of mobile networks is expected to be introduced starting 2030. Research and development toward this novel generation of networks started several years ago in different regions of the world, e.g., [2]. A myriad of applications and novel use cases, ranging from augmented reality (AR) and mixed reality (MR) in professional and entertainment contexts to support autonomous systems and connecting a massive number of battery-less devices, are envisioned to be served by these networks [3]. The analysis of these use cases has led to a harmonized view of which functions and capabilities 6G networks should offer. Summarizing, the desired features for 6G can be classified into three main categories:1) Improving diverse wireless network services: delivering higher throughput and network capacity, ultra-reliable operation, imperceptible latency, and connectivity to many devices with an extremely low-energy budget. 2) Providing novel functionalities: precise positioning and sensing [4], and communication with energy-neutral devices requiring wireless-power transfer [5]. 3) Enhancing coverage: delivering more uniform and truly ubiquitous services.

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Section: Ue Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

6G Radio Testbeds: Requirements, Trends, and Approaches

Callebaut,

Liu,

Eriksson

et al. 2024

IEEE Microwave

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show abstract

“…A first cell-free channel measurement using a drone with a single transmit antenna that flies from one RU position to the next was reported in [9]. This method does not provide coherent impulse responses from the RU positions but allows a quantitative assessment of properties such as the uplink energy efficiency [10]. Furthermore, UE mobility and scatterer mobility cannot be captured by the distributed virtual array measurement principle of [9].…”

Section: A Related Work and Literature Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards Cell-Free Massive MIMO: A Measurement-Based Analysis

et al. 2022

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Cell-free widely distributed massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems utilize radio units spread out over a large geographical area. The radio signal of a user equipment (UE) is coherently detected by a subset of radio units (RUs) in the vicinity of the UE and processed jointly at the nearest baseband processing unit (BPU). This architecture promises two orders of magnitude less transmit power, spatial focusing at the UE position for high reliability, and consistent throughput over the coverage area. All these properties have been investigated so far from a theoretical point of view. To the best of our knowledge, this work presents the first empirical radio wave propagation measurements in the form of time-variant channel transfer functions for a linear, widely distributed antenna array with 32 single antenna RUs spread out over a range of 46.5 m. The large aperture allows for valuable insights into the propagation characteristics of cell-free systems. Three different co-located and widely distributed RU configurations and their properties in an urban environment are analyzed in terms of time-variant delay-spread, Doppler spread, path-loss, and the correlation of the local scattering function over space. For the development of 6G cell-free massive MIMO transceiver algorithms, we analyze properties such as channel hardening, channel aging as well as the signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR). Our empirical evidence supports the promising claims for widely distributed cell-free systems.INDEX TERMS Cell-free massive MIMO, non-stationary propagation conditions, widely distributed antenna elements,

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“…A first cell-free channel measurement was reported in [9] using a drone with a single transmit antenna, flying from one RU position to the next. This method does not provide coherent impulse responses from the RU positions but allows a quantitative assessment of properties such as the uplink energy efficiency [10]. Furthermore, UE mobility and scatterer mobility cannot be captured by the distributed virtual array measurement principle of [9].…”

Section: A Related Work and Literature Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards Cell-Free Massive MIMO: A Measurement-Based Analysis

Löschenbrand,

Hofer,

Bernadó

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Cell-free widely distributed massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems utilize radio units spread out over a large geographical area. The radio signal of a user equipment (UE) is coherently detected by a subset of radio units (RUs) in the vicinity of the UE and processed jointly at the nearest baseband processing unit (BPU). This architecture promises two orders of magnitude less transmit power, spatial focusing at the UE position for high reliability, and consistent throughput over the coverage area. All these properties have been investigated so far from a theoretical point of view. To the best of our knowledge, this work presents the first empirical radio wave propagation measurements in the form of time-variant channel transfer functions for a linear, widely distributed antenna array with 32 single antenna RUs spread out over a range of 46.5 m. The large aperture allows for valuable insights into the propagation characteristics of cell-free systems. Three different co-located and widely distributed RU configurations and their properties in an urban environment are analyzed in terms of time-variant delay-spread, Doppler spread, path loss and the correlation of the local scattering function over space. For the development of 6G cell-free massive MIMO transceiver algorithms, we analyze properties such as channel hardening, channel aging as well as the signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR). Our empirical evidence supports the promising claims for widely distributed cell-free systems.INDEX TERMS Cell-free massive MIMO, non-stationary propagation conditions, widely distributed antenna elements,

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Using a Drone Sounder to Measure Channels for Cell-Free Massive MIMO Systems

Cited by 7 publications

References 15 publications

6G Radio Testbeds: Requirements, Trends, and Approaches

6G Radio Testbeds: Requirements, Trends, and Approaches

Towards Cell-Free Massive MIMO: A Measurement-Based Analysis

Towards Cell-Free Massive MIMO: A Measurement-Based Analysis

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