Using a health belief model to assess COVID-19 vaccine intention and hesitancy in Jakarta, Indonesia

Abstract

Since January 2021, Indonesia has administered a nationwide COVID-19 vaccination. This study examined vaccine intention and identified reasons for vaccine hesitancy in the capital city of Jakarta. This is a cross-sectional online survey using the Health Belief Model (HBM) to assess vaccine intent predictors and describe reasons for hesitancy among Jakarta residents. Among 11,611 respondents, 92.99% (10.797) would like to get vaccinated. This study indicated that all HBM constructs predict vaccine intention (P< 0.05). Those with a high score of perceived susceptibility to the COVID-19 vaccine were significantly predicted vaccine hesitancy (OR = 0.18, 95% CI: 0.16–0.21). Perceived higher benefits of COVID-19 vaccine (OR = 2.91, 95% CI: 2.57–3.28), perceived severity of COVID-19 disease (OR: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.24–1.60), and perceived susceptibility of the current pandemic (OR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.06–1.38) were significantly predicted vaccination intend. Needle fears, halal concerns, vaccine side effects, and the perception that vaccines could not protect against COVID-19 disease emerged as reasons why a small portion of the respondents (n = 814, 7.23%) are hesitant to get vaccinated. This study demonstrated a high COVID-19 vaccine intention and highlighted the reasons for vaccine refusal, including needle fears, susceptibility to vaccine efficacy, halal issues, and concern about vaccine side effects. The current findings on COVID-19 vaccination show that the government and policymakers should take all necessary steps to remove vaccine hesitancy by increasing awareness of vaccine efficacy and benefit interventions.

Predicting Intention to Receive COVID-19 Vaccination in People Living with HIV using an Integrated Behavior Model

“…This finding correlates to a study in Italy, which found that PLHIV believed that their condition was associated with a higher risk of developing complications of COVID-19 infection ( p = 0.013) [ 28 ]. A previous study in Indonesia using the health belief model on the general population also demonstrated a similar association between vaccination willingness and the perceived benefits of COVID-19 vaccination [ 29 ].…”

Perceptions of COVID-19 Vaccines: Protective Shields or Threatening Risks? A Descriptive Exploratory Study among the Italian Population

“…This result confirms that vaccine refusal or delay results from an imbalance between the perception of the vaccine-related risk and benefits associated with vaccination: individuals who weigh the risks related to vaccination higher than its benefits will tend to refuse or delay some or all vaccines [ 33 , 45 , 46 ]. The health belief model supports this finding by highlighting that perceptions of vaccine efficacy and concerns about vaccine-related side effects may hinder subjects from getting vaccinated [ 47 ]. Furthermore, in this study, a higher percentage of unvaccinated individuals believed that getting vaccinated was risky due to negative experiences reported by their relatives, friends, and acquaintances.…”

Exploring COVID-19 Vaccine Misinformation Exposure, Beliefs, Fear, and Information Avoidance via the Stimulus–Organism–Response Framework

“…Contrastingly, other scholars suggested that fear of risk-prevention techniques (e.g., breast cancer screening) led to perceived barriers to adopting the early detection procedure (Emami et al, 2021; Talbert, 2008). By the same token, Hidayana et al (2022) also reported that fear of the needle led to perceived barriers to adopting the COVID-19 vaccines.…”

“…For instance, as negative health beliefs may enhance one's threat perception, the latter may also generate fear (H. Lu et al, 2020;Nabi & Prestin, 2016). Yet, negative emotions such as fear about a risk-prevention technique could also elicit negative risk perceptions (Emami et al, 2021;Hidayana et al, 2022;Talbert, 2008).…”