Using a portable total reflection X‐ray fluorescence system for a multielement analysis of Swiss mice brains with experimental Alzheimer's disease induced by β‐amyloid oligomers

Abstract

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and irreversible disorder whose pathological features include β‐amyloid (Aβ) plaques and neuronal and synaptic loss. Metals such as iron, copper, and zinc are increased in the brains of patients with AD. Those metals can interact with Aβ, resulting in the promotion of Aβ deposition and formation of plaque. However, no study analyzing the effects of single injection of Aβ soluble oligomers (AβOs) in the elements' homeostasis in mice was developed. Total reflection X‐ray fluorescence (TXRF) is a multielement analytical technique that can be utilized to identify and quantify trace elements present in a sample at very low concentrations. In this study, in order to evaluate the concentration of metals in brain regions of Swiss mice, three groups of female mice and three of male mice were studied: control, AD10, and AD100. The AD groups received an AβOs intracerebroventricular injection so as to induce experimental AD. Afterwards, a craniotomy was performed, and six brain compartments were dissected and evaluated. TXRF measurements were performed using a portable TXRF system that uses an X‐ray tube with a molybdenum anode and a detector Si‐PIN. It is proved to determine the following elements' concentrations: phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, iron, copper, zinc, and rubidium. Results showed differences in the elemental concentration in some brain regions between AD groups. These alterations suggest that AβOs act quickly, even before the amyloid plaques' formation, explaining cognitive deficits independently of amyloid plaques. This study helped to understand that this modification on elemental concentration can be influenced by AβOs.

Heavy metals toxicity on epigenetic modifications in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD)

“…These variations suggest that amyloid‐beta oligomers may induce changes in elemental concentration before the formation of amyloid plaques, leading to cognitive impairments regardless of plaque presence. [ 160 ] This system has demonstrated its efficacy in determining the concentrations of several elements, including phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, iron, copper, zinc, and rubidium. By utilizing TXRF, researchers can accurately assess the presence and levels of these elements in samples, providing valuable insights into various analytical applications.…”