Using a systems approach to education and development: insights from a multi-country research programme on access and learning

Development, Education and Learning in Sri Lanka

“…(For examples see Anderson & Bowman, 1965;Mayer & Rubinson, 1975;Lewin, Little & Colclough, 1983a, b;Fagerlind & Saha, 1989;Lewin, 1991;Mebrahtu, 1991;Leach & Little, 1999;Yates & Little, 2005;Harber, 2014;McGrath & Gu, 2016; McCowan & Unterhalter, 2021. )…”

“…By 1900, when Japan's industrialisation had begun in earnest, 81 per cent of her children were enrolled in primary education and 29 per cent of the labour force was employed in non-agricultural jobs. In England in 1900, 83 per cent of her children were enrolled in primary education and 91 per cent were employed in non-agricultural work (Lewin, 1991).…”

“…In England, the use of education certificates in the allocation of jobs did not predominate over heredity and apprenticeship until the midtwentieth century; in Japan educational certificates played a dominant role in the allocation of jobs from an early stage of industrialisation (Dore, 1976, pp. 35-6;Lewin, 1991).…”