Using a vulnerability-stress-adaptation framework to model intimate partner violence risk factors in late life: A systematic review

American Women’s Experiences With Intimate Partner Violence during the Start of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Risk Factors and Mental Health Implications

“…Direct comparisons of IPV prevalence with other samples both prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic are complicated by the use of different assessment methods and variability of sample composition. However, the IPV reported in this sample for the early pandemic months is much higher than the pre-pandemic IPV estimates provided by the CDC ( Smith et al, 2018 , Table 9). According to the CDC data, estimates of IPV for the previous 12 months are that 2.4% of women will experience sexual violence, and 2.9% will experience physical violence.…”

“…The vulnerability-stress-adaptation framework, as applied to IPV (Langer et al, 2008;Schreiber & Salivar, 2021), proposes that IPV can stem from preexisting vulnerabilities that make a couple more prone to violence (e.g., personality traits or preexisting stable risk factors such as childhood adversity or chronic low socioeconomic status) as well as stressors that are largely due to chance (e.g., job loss or illness). Couples may deal with these vulnerabilities and stressors through either adaptive or maladaptive processes.…”

“…IPV is often referred to as a hidden epidemic because, despite the high prevalence rates, it happens in the home and others are not necessarily aware of the violence. Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, in the United States, one in three women experience IPV in their lifetime, with an estimated 18.3% of women experiencing sexual violence, 20.6% experiencing physical aggression, and 35.4% experiencing psychological aggression from an intimate partner ( Smith et al, 2018 ). Within the first month of the pandemic and subsequent stay-at-home orders, nine large U.S. metropolitan cities reported an increase (ranging from 10% to 62%) in calls for domestic violence services compared to the prior year ( Boserup et al, 2020 ; Kofman & Garfin, 2020 ).…”

Intimate Partner Violence during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review of the Phenomenon from Victims’ and Help Professionals’ Perspectives

“…Based on the data collected through the victims, it was found that physical violence was the one most associated with the increase in tobacco, drug and alcohol intake [41]; however, there is no certainty of a causal relationship between the two phenomena [42]. Additionally, it could be seen that most of the risk factors already found in the literature [60][61][62][63][64] were influential in the period of SAH policies, such as age, educational level, presence of mental disorders, or having previously experienced IPV [41,45]. In addition, having contracted the coronavirus or experienced a state of job uncertainty caused by the pandemic situation, with the subsequent increase in life stressors, seemed to represent new risk factors related to the specific time frame [44,47].…”

Problem-Focused Coping Strategies Used by Victims of Gender Violence Across the Stages of Change

“…Over the past decade, the literature has mainly focused on analyzing risk factors and exploring the association between the violence suffered and its consequences (Overstreet et al, 2019; Schreiber & Salivar, 2020). However, another body of research has also emerged focusing on the mechanisms women use to protect themselves from abuse (Beeble et al, 2009).…”