Using accelerometer for counting and identifying swimming strokes

Pan, Meng-Shiuan; Huang, Kuo‐Feng; Lu, Tzu-Hsiu; Lin, Ze-Yan

doi:10.1016/j.pmcj.2016.01.011

Cited by 16 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Table 2 summarizes the aims of the studies, the participants´ demographics, and the swim strokes. From the 18 articles included for qualitative synthesis, eight (44.4%) [ 21 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 30 , 31 , 34 , 38 ] assessed wearables exclusively in front crawl, six (33.3%) [ 26 , 27 , 29 , 32 , 33 , 35 ] assessed wearables exclusively in all four swim strokes, two assessed wearables for the tumble turn in front crawl (11.1%) [ 36 , 37 ], one just assessed wearables in breaststroke (5.5%) [ 22 ], and another one assessed wearables in butterfly stroke (5.5%) [ 28 ]. Overall, 177 swimmers were recruited in all studies (103 males, 62 females, and 12 that the authors failed to note the sex of the participants).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Overall, 177 swimmers were recruited in all studies (103 males, 62 females, and 12 that the authors failed to note the sex of the participants). Four articles recruited elite-level swimmers (22.2%) [ 29 , 32 , 34 , 37 ], two articles recruited international-level participants (11.1%) [ 33 , 35 ], four articles recruited national-level/semi-professional participants (22.2%) [ 22 , 28 , 35 , 38 ], one article recruited local-level participants (5.5%) [ 31 ], and three articles recruited local/non-expert swimmers (16.7%) [ 22 , 25 , 36 ]. Conversely, six articles (33.3%) [ 21 , 23 , 24 , 26 , 27 , 30 ] did not report the swimmers’ competitive level.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Figure 1 depicts the PRISMA flow diagram for identifying, screening, and checking eligibility, which then helps to determine inclusion of the articles. A total of 18 articles [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ] were included in the qualitative synthesis.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Wearables in Swimming for Real-Time Feedback: A Systematic Review

Morais

Oliveira

Sampaio

et al. 2022

Sensors

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Nowadays, wearables are a must-have tool for athletes and coaches. Wearables can provide real-time feedback to athletes on their athletic performance and other training details as training load, for example. The aim of this study was to systematically review studies that assessed the accuracy of wearables providing real-time feedback in swimming. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were selected to identify relevant studies. After screening, 283 articles were analyzed and 18 related to the assessment of the accuracy of wearables providing real-time feedback in swimming were retained for qualitative synthesis. The quality index was 12.44 ± 2.71 in a range from 0 (lowest quality) to 16 (highest quality). Most articles assessed in-house built (n = 15; 83.3%) wearables in front-crawl stroke (n = 8; 44.4%), eleven articles (61.1%) analyzed the accuracy of measuring swimming kinematics, eight (44.4%) were placed on the lower back, and seven were placed on the head (38.9%). A limited number of studies analyzed wearables that are commercially available (n = 3, 16.7%). Eleven articles (61.1%) reported on the accuracy, measurement error, or consistency. From those eleven, nine (81.8%) noted that wearables are accurate.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Wearables in Swimming for Real-Time Feedback: A Systematic Review

Morais

Oliveira

Sampaio

et al. 2022

Sensors

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“…Our method, however, presents a higher accuracy in comparison to reported result in the literature based on sacrum sensor (Davey et al, 2008 ; Omae et al, 2017 ). Some studies use a network of IMUs (Wang et al, 2016 ) or a smartphone (Pan et al, 2016 ) for swimming technique identification while we focused on each sensor location separately.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Macro-Micro Approach for Swimming Analysis in Main Swimming Techniques Using IMU Sensors

Rad

Grémeaux

Dadashi³

et al. 2021

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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Inertial measurement units (IMU) are proven as efficient tools for swimming analysis by overcoming the limits of video-based systems application in aquatic environments. However, coaches still believe in the lack of a reliable and easy-to-use analysis system for swimming. To provide a broad view of swimmers' performance, this paper describes a new macro-micro analysis approach, comprehensive enough to cover a full training session, regardless of the swimming technique. Seventeen national level swimmers (5 females, 12 males, 19.6 ± 2.1 yrs) were equipped with six IMUs and asked to swim 4 × 50 m trials in each swimming technique (i.e., frontcrawl, breaststroke, butterfly, and backstroke) in a 25 m pool, in front of five 2-D cameras (four under water and one over water) for validation. The proposed approach detects swimming bouts, laps, and swimming technique in macro level and swimming phases in micro level on all sensor locations for comparison. Swimming phases are the phases swimmers pass from wall to wall (wall push-off, glide, strokes preparation, swimming, and turn) and micro analysis detects the beginning of each phase. For macro analysis, an overall accuracy range of 0.83–0.98, 0.80–1.00, and 0.83–0.99 were achieved, respectively, for swimming bouts detection, laps detection and swimming technique identification on selected sensor locations, the highest being achieved with sacrum. For micro analysis, we obtained the lowest error mean and standard deviation on sacrum for the beginning of wall-push off, glide and turn (−20 ± 89 ms, 4 ± 100 ms, 23 ± 97 ms, respectively), on shank for the beginning of strokes preparation (0 ± 88 ms) and on wrist for the beginning of swimming (−42 ± 72 ms). Comparing the swimming techniques, sacrum sensor achieves the smallest range of error mean and standard deviation during micro analysis. By using the same macro-micro approach across different swimming techniques, this study shows its efficiency to detect the main events and phases of a training session. Moreover, comparing the results of both macro and micro analyses, sacrum has achieved relatively higher amounts of accuracy and lower mean and standard deviation of error in all swimming techniques.

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“…Because the pose estimation accuracy decreases with the integration of bias errors, several pose estimation methods based on sensor fusion using an accelerometer and a magnetometer have been proposed [3,4]. Therefore, compact and lightweight nine-axis motion sensors have come to be used for motion measurement in a wide range of fields such as medical care, welfare, and sports [5][6][7]. Kalman filtering [8][9][10][11][12] and complementary filtering [13][14][15][16][17] are some pose estimation methods using sensor fusion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Knee joint angle estimation by sequential correction of gyroscope bias

Saito

Tanzawa

Kizawa

2021

Preprint

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Compact and lightweight nine-axis motion sensors have come to be used for motion analysis in a variety of fields such as medical care, welfare, and sports. Nine-axis motion sensors include a three-axis gyroscope, a three-axis accelerometer, and a three-axis magnetometer and can estimate joint angles using the gyroscope outputs. However, the bias of the gyroscope is often unstable depending on the measurement environment and the accuracy of the gyroscope itself, causing error to accumulate in the angle obtained by integrating the gyroscope output. Although several sensor fusions have been proposed for pose estimation, such as using an accelerometer and a magnetometer, sequentially estimating and correcting the bias of the gyroscope are desirable for more accurate pose estimation. In addition, considering accelerations other than the acceleration due to gravity is important for a sensor fusion method that utilizes the accelerometer to correct the gyroscope output. Therefore, in this study, an extended Kalman filter algorithm was developed to sequentially correct both the gyroscope bias and the centrifugal and tangential acceleration of an accelerometer. The gait measurement results indicate that the proposed method successfully suppresses drift in the estimated knee joint angle over the entire measurement time of knee angle measurement during gait. The knee joint angles estimated using the proposed method were generally consistent with results obtained from an optical 3D motion analysis system. The proposed method is expected to be useful for estimating motion in medical care and welfare applications.

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Using accelerometer for counting and identifying swimming strokes

Cited by 16 publications

References 17 publications

Wearables in Swimming for Real-Time Feedback: A Systematic Review

Wearables in Swimming for Real-Time Feedback: A Systematic Review

A Novel Macro-Micro Approach for Swimming Analysis in Main Swimming Techniques Using IMU Sensors

Knee joint angle estimation by sequential correction of gyroscope bias

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