2018). A condition-based maintenance methodology for rails in regional railway networks using evolutionary multiobjective optimization: Case study line Braşov Abstract--In this paper, we propose a methodology based on signal processing and evolutionary multiobjective optimization to facilitate the maintenance decision making of infra-managers in regional railways. Using a train in operation (with passengers onboard), we capture the condition of the rails using Axle Box Acceleration measurements. Then, using Hilbert-Huang Transform, the locations where the major risks are detected and assessed with a degradation model. Finally, evolutionary multiobjective optimization is employed to solve the maintenance decision problem, and to facilitate the visualization of the trade-offs between number of interventions and performance. Real-life measurements from the track from Bra ov to Z rne ti in Romania are included to show the methodology.