Using adaptive management to determine requirements of re‐introduced populations: the case of the New Zealand hihi

Abstract

Summary 1.Adaptive management involves the development of predictive models, strategic manipulation of management actions to gain information, and subsequent updating of the models and management. The paradigm has several characteristics that make it an effective approach for determining requirements of re-introduced populations. 2. Adaptive management was applied to the re-introduction of hihi Notiomystis cincta , a New Zealand forest bird that had been reduced to a single island population. Following three previous failed re-introductions, we initiated an 8-year series of management manipulations when hihi were re-introduced to Mokoia Island in 1994. 3.We developed a population model for projecting outcomes under potential management scenarios, and updated it on an annual basis. The population model combined submodels for survival and reproduction that were selected from sets of candidate models using an information-theoretic approach. All projections incorporated demographic stochasticity, and later projections incorporated uncertainty associated with model selection and parameter estimation. 4. The programme showed that some actions (e.g. the provision of sugar water during breeding season and mite control) substantially increased the population's growth rate, but that persistence was uncertain under any management scenario. The population growth rate was shown to be constrained by a low adult survival rate that was unaffected by supplementary feeding, and was associated with a feature of the island (high density of Aspergillus fumigatus spores) that could not be remedied by management. Hihi were therefore removed from Mokoia. However, the management actions shown to be effective on Mokoia have now been used to produce sustained growth in three other re-introduced hihi populations. 6. Synthesis and applications . The results illustrate how adaptive management can facilitate successful species recovery. Without manipulation of management treatments, the Mokoia hihi re-introduction would have just been another failure that provided no useful information. Instead, our manipulations allowed us to identify effective management actions that were successfully applied to other re-introduced populations, and allowed us to identify a limiting factor that had not been previously considered. We have illustrated how other characteristics of the adaptive management approach (flexible treatments, ongoing monitoring, early model development, quantitative projections and incorporation of uncertainty) were essential to the programme.

Active adaptive conservation of threatened species in the face of uncertainty

“…Most management programs do not explicitly record and incorporate failures or observations that disagree with a preconceived notion of system function (see Armstrong et al 2007). In the framework we provide, our certainty in each model of system function is explicitly incorporated, such that all potential models of system function are evaluated in deciding how best to manage.…”

Traumatic Ventriculitis Following Consumption of Introduced Insect Prey (Hymenoptera) in Nestling Hihi (Notiomystis Cincta)

“…The interacting ecologic factors that limit the long-term survival of the populations may vary (Armstrong et al, 2002). To compensate for the lack of natural cavities in restored forest habitat, nest boxes have been provided at translocation sites (Armstrong et al, 2007) and it has been necessary to control nest mites (Ornithonyssus spp. ), which can cause nestling deaths (Armstrong et al, 2002).…”

“…However, food availability is the only factor that has been found experimentally to affect population growth (Castro et al, 2003;Armstrong et al, 2007).…”

Maternally invested carotenoids compensate costly ectoparasitism in the hihi

“…Parasites are frequently observed in nestling birds and can have a severe impact on their health, condition, and immediate survival (1), potentially even causing populations to decline (2,3). It is not surprising therefore, that parasite-induced mortality is a major selection pressure on nestling growth and development time (4).…”

“…We have previously shown that enhanced carotenoids have little effect on hatchability of eggs, nestling survival, or nestling immunity in parasite controlled environments (21). To introduce a natural stressor to the nest environment we manipulated exposure of nestlings to the bloodsucking mite (Ornithonyssus bursa), a common parasite of hihi (2). O. bursa are known to alter host behavior and detrimentally effect host fitness in some species (22,23).…”