Using artificial intelligence to bring evidence-based medicine a step closer to making the individual difference

Sissons, Benjamin; Gray, W. A.; Bater, A.; Morrey, David

doi:10.1080/14639230601097804

Cited by 5 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…All these research fields could greatly enhance the current trend toward precision medicine, resulting in more reliable and personalized approaches with high impact on diagnostic and therapeutic pathways [5]. This implies a paradigm shift from the definition of statistical and population-based outlooks to individual predictions [6], allowing for more effective preventive actions and therapy planning.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

AI applications to medical images: From machine learning to deep learning

Rundo²,

et al. 2021

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Artificial intelligence (AI) models are playing an increasing role in biomedical research and healthcare services. This review focuses on challenges points to be clarified about how to develop AI applications as clinical decision support systems in the real-world context. Methods: A narrative review has been performed including a critical assessment of articles published between 1989 and 2021 that guided challenging sections. Results: We first illustrate the architectural characteristics of machine learning (ML)/radiomics and deep learning (DL) approaches. For ML/radiomics, the phases of feature selection and of training, validation, and testing are described. DL models are presented as multi-layered artificial/convolutional neural networks, allowing us to directly process images. The data curation section includes technical steps such as image labelling, image annotation (with segmentation as a crucial step in radiomics), data harmonization (enabling compensation for differences in imaging protocols that typically generate noise in non-AI imaging studies) and federated learning. Thereafter, we dedicate specific sections to: sample size calculation, considering multiple testing in AI approaches; procedures for data augmentation to work with limited and unbalanced datasets; and the interpretability of AI models (the so-called black box issue). Pros and cons for choosing ML versus DL to implement AI applications to medical imaging are finally presented in a synoptic way. Conclusions: Biomedicine and healthcare systems are one of the most important fields for AI applications and medical imaging is probably the most suitable and promising domain. Clarification of specific challenging points facilitates the development of such systems and their translation to clinical practice.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%