Using Benthic Diatom to Assess the Success of Batch Culture System Phytoremediation Process of Water Irrigation

Abstract

Diatoms or phytobenthic are often used as bio-indicators of water quality in freshwater ecosystems such as rivers, but have never been used for monitoring the quality of artificial water ecosystems. The objective of this research is to use the diatom as a bioindicator for measurement the success of phytoremediation process of irrigation water that has status hyper-eutrophic and is polluted from organic materials using polyculture of various local hydromacrophytes through batch culture system. This experimental study was conducted in a greenhouse through planting some local emergent, submerged and floating leaf hydromacrophytes on a 30 L bucket with a given substrate from sand and gravel. The experiment used a completely randomized design with two treatment included phytoremediation model and control in the form of substrate without hydromacrophyte which repeated three times at the same time. The success of phytoremediation model was determined through some biotic diatoms indices (Percentage Pollution Tolerant Value/%PTV, Tropical Diatom Index/TDI and Shannon Wiener Diversity Index) as bioindicator and the improved water physics chemical quality on days 0, six, and 13 after incubation. The results showed that phytoremediation process using polyculture hydromacrophytes through batch culture system for 13 days significantly improving the quality of irrigation water. Based on some biotic diatom indices, the water was improved from heavily organic pollution to moderately organic pollution (%PTV), from hypereutrophic to become eutrophic (TDI) and from moderately polluted become slightly polluted (Shannon Wiener Diversity Index). This results also supported from water physico-chemical parameters. Polyculture of some local hydromacrophytes for six days significantly decreased the organic matter content of irrigation water was reflected from the decrease concentration of Biochemical Oxygen Demand/BOD (14.79 mg/L to 3.61 mg/L), Total Suspended Solid/TSS (14.6 mg/L to 0.08 mg/L), turbidity (19.97 NTU to 1.46 NTU), nitrate (1.44 mg/L to 0.03 mg/L), orthophosphate (0.24 mg/L to 0.042 mg/L), Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) (0.93 mg/L to 0.68 mg/L), and free chlorine (0.09 mg/L to 0.05 mg/L), while concentration of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) decreased significantly 13 days after incubation from 48.3 mg/L to18.2 mg/L.

The Effectiveness of Various Types of Local Hydromacrophytes on The Phytoremediation Process of Catfish Pond Wastewater using a Batch Culture System

“…Until the end of the incubation period with this batch culture system, only submerged treatment and polyculture of the three types of hydromacrophytes successfully reduced the % PTV value to a level free from organic matter pollution. This result differs from a similar batch culture phytoremediation process in irrigation water contaminated with organic matter and synthetic pesticides that can reduce the level of organic matter pollution from heavily organic to moderately and slightly organic [26].…”

Evaluation of Batch Culture Phytoremediation Process using Local Hydromacrophytes to Reduce Synthetic Pesticide Residue in Contaminated Irrigation Water

“…Improving the quality of irrigation water resulting in phytoremediation can also be seen from periphyton diversity and some biotic indices of diatoms as bioindicators of water quality [14,17,[24][25][26]. Periphyton monitoring in this research showed that its taxa richness increased from 14-23 taxa at the beginning of the treatment to 24-28 taxa at the end of the treatment.…”

“…An indication of water quality can be seen from several biotic indices that have been developed. The trophic diatom index (TDI) and percentage of pollution tolerant values (%PTV) are biotic indices of diatoms commonly used to determine eutrophication and organic contamination levels in waters such as rivers [24][25][26]32,33] and also irrigation water quality [14,17].…”

“…with plant coverage achieving 75-80% through a continuous culture system with water discharge about 0.3 L/seconds was able to improve the quality of irrigation water from heavy organic pollution to some organic pollution contributing to eutrophication [14]. Moreover, these plants are also known to act as remediator agent of polluted irrigation water, especially with regard to synthetic fertilizers in phytoremediaton through batch culture [15][16][17]. However, the effect of this phytoremediation process in reducing synthetic pesticides is not yet known.…”