Using Carbomer-Based Hydrogels for Control the Release Rate of Diclofenac Sodium: Preparation and In Vitro Evaluation

Abstract

The aim of the current research work was to prepare Car934-g-poly(acrylic acid) hydrogels by the free-radical polymerization technique. Various concentrations of carbopol, acrylic acid and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate were employed for the fabrication of Car934-g-poly(acrylic acid) hydrogels. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Powder X-ray diffractometry (PXRD) studies were performed to know the structural arrangement, thermal stability, physical appearance and amorphous network of developed hydrogels. FTIR analysis revealed that carbopol reacted with acrylic acid during the process of polymerization and confirmed the grafting of acrylic acid over the backbone of carbopol. TGA and DSC studies showed that developed hydrogels were thermally stable. Surface morphology was analyzed by SEM, which confirmed a porous network of hydrogels. PXRD analysis indicated that crystallinity of the drug was reduced by the amorphous network of hydrogels. Furthermore, swelling studies for all developed hydrogels were performed at both media, i.e., pH 1.2 and 7.4, and higher swelling was exhibited at pH 7.4. Sol–gel analysis was performed to evaluate the soluble unreacted part of the fabricated hydrogels. Similarly, an in-vitro study was conducted for all hydrogel formulations at both acidic (pH 1.2) and basic (pH 7.4) mediums, and a greater drug release was observed at pH 7.4. Different kinetics such as zero-order, first-order, the Higuchi model and the Korsmeyer–Peppas model were applied to know the mechanism of release order of drugs from the hydrogels.

Preparation and In Vitro Evaluation of Aspartic/Alginic Acid Based Semi-Interpenetrating Network Hydrogels for Controlled Release of Ibuprofen

“…A smooth surface with few pores is seen at various magnifications as shown in Figure 7 . The pores provide channels for the water molecules, and as a result swelling, drug loading and drug release from the developed hydrogels is perceived [ 51 , 52 ].…”

Preparation, Characterization, Swelling Potential, and In-Vitro Evaluation of Sodium Poly(Styrene Sulfonate)-Based Hydrogels for Controlled Delivery of Ketorolac Tromethamine

“…Gel is the gelling, while sol is the soluble, unreacted part of hydrogels. A Soxhlet extraction process was carried out for analysis in such a way that a hydrogel disc (Z 1 ) of precise weight of each formulation was placed in distilled water at 85 °C for 12 h. After that, the extracted hydrogel disc (Z 2 ) was kept in an oven at 40 °C until the disc dried completely [ 40 ]. Equation (1) and (2) were used for analysis of the sol-gel fraction.…”

Synthesis and Characterization of Antibacterial Carbopol/ZnO Hybrid Nanoparticles Gel

“…Because Carbopol is naturally acidic [55], the solution needed to be neutral, otherwise it would not thicken. Thus, the mixture had undergone continuous sonication using an ultrasound prop (Hielscher, UP400S Berlin, Germany) with an amplitude of 95 and a cycle of 95% for 1 h. Then, 50 mL of trimethylamine (TEA) as a neutralizing agent (raise the pH to 7) was added dropwise under continuous sonication until the formation of the ZnO white gel occurred, and where the Carbopol would thicken when the pH was near to the neutral conditions [56]. Figure 1 shows a summarized schematic flowchart of the synthesis procedures for the ZnO NPs as well as the Carbopol/ZnO hybrid nanoparticles gel.…”