Using Cellular Telephones in Vehicles: Safe or Unsafe?

Surrogate in-vehicle information systems and driver behaviour: Effects of visual and cognitive load in simulated rural driving

“…A related auditory task, the use of cellular phones while driving, has been the subject of substantial recent research (see Goodman, Tijerina, Bents and Wierwille, 1999;Haigney and Westerman, 2001, for reviews). When using a cellular phone, drivers respond less effectively to events in the driving environment, e.g.…”

“…Cooper et al (2003) found drivers were more cautious in response to changing traffic lights when engaged in a cellular phone task. However, it would seem that cognitive activity associated with 'hands free' phone operations may also have a detrimental effect on driving performance (Goodman et al, 1999;Lamble et al, 1999;Strayer and Johnson, 2001). Parkes (1993) showed that business negotiations made by cellular phone whilst driving suffered in comparison to those conducted when not driving.…”

Using Microworlds to Design Intelligent Interfaces that Minimize Driver Distraction

“…Unfortunately, the modal legislation being considered would ban hand-held phones but not hands-free phones. Since the conversation is a much more important determinant of driver distraction than the dialing (Goodman, Tijerina, Bents, & Wierwille, 1999), such legislation, although perhaps increasing safety immediately because of the great number of hand-held phones currently used by drivers, would not solve the problem and might make it worse in the long run by encouraging the false belief that using hands-free phones is without risk. I recently testified before the Michigan House Transportation Committee which is considering a bill to increase the penalty for drivers who are using a cell phone when an accident occurs.…”

“…A common lower bound for this is 26% based upon sampled crashes from the 1995 National Automotive Sampling System-Crashworthiness Data System that were attributed to driver inattention (Goodman et al, 1999). It is very difficult to determine to what degree specific devices or activities within the vehicle contribute to inattention and distraction; for example, food and beverages may be as important as cell phones (Hancock & Scallen, 1999).…”

Evaluation of drivers\' behavior performing a curve under mental workload

“…"Driving simulation was originally developed to avoid the cost of field studies, achieve more control over circumstances and measurements, and safely present hazardous Despite some limitations in simulation, such as lack of realism and absence of motion (GOODMANN et al, 1999), driving simulators still achieve psychological reliability in the participants when simulation experience meets the realistic expectation.…”