Using cellulose nanofibers to reinforce polysaccharide films: Blending vs layer-by-layer casting

Zhao, Kaixuan; Wang, Wenhang; Teng, Anguo; Zhang, Kai; Ma, Yunhao; Duan, Songmei; Li, Shuzhi; Guo, Yang

doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115264

Cited by 87 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Films were prepared with different polymer matrices: chitosan, alginate, and nanocellulose. Protocol commonly used in similar studies, e.g., [ 29 ], for dissolution, blending, and casting of alginate, chitosan, and nanocellulose was used. Chitosan and alginate film-forming solutions were prepared at concentrations 1.5% w/w by dissolving chitosan in 1 wt% aqueous solution of lactic acid and glycerol, and by dissolving sodium alginate in ultrapure water.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Nanocellulose, Alginate and Chitosan Nanocomposites Designed as Active Film Packaging Materials

Lavrič¹,

Oberlintner

Fiļipova

et al. 2021

Polymers

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The aim of the study was to characterize and compare films made of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), nano-fibrils (CNF), and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) in combination with chitosan and alginate in terms of applicability for potential food packaging applications. In total, 25 different formulations were made and evaluated, and seven biopolymer films with the best mechanical performance (tensile strength, strain)—alginate, alginate with 5% CNC, chitosan, chitosan with 3% CNC, BNC with and without glycerol, and CNF with glycerol—were selected and investigated regarding morphology (SEM), density, contact angle, surface energy, water absorption, and oxygen and water barrier properties. Studies revealed that polysaccharide-based films with added CNC are the most suitable for packaging purposes, and better dispersing of nanocellulose in chitosan than in alginate was observed. Results showed an increase in hydrophobicity (increase of contact angle and reduced moisture absorption) of chitosan and alginate films with the addition of CNC, and chitosan with 3% CNC had the highest contact angle, 108 ± 2, and 15% lower moisture absorption compared to pure chitosan. Overall, the ability of nanocellulose additives to preserve the structure and function of chitosan and alginate materials in a humid environment was convincingly demonstrated. Barrier properties were improved by combining the biopolymers, and water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) was reduced by 15–45% and oxygen permeability (OTR) up to 45% by adding nanocellulose compared to single biopolymer formulations. It was concluded that with a good oxygen barrier, a water barrier that is comparable to PLA, and good mechanical properties, biopolymer films would be a good alternative to conventional plastic packaging used for ready-to-eat foods with short storage time.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Nanocellulose, Alginate and Chitosan Nanocomposites Designed as Active Film Packaging Materials

Lavrič¹,

Oberlintner

Fiļipova

et al. 2021

Polymers

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“…The microstructure of zein films became smooth and homogeneous with the increase in CNC content, indicating that the zein and CNCs have good compatibility. There was no obvious agglomeration on the microscopic surface of the films, indicating that the esterified CNCs can be well dispersed in the matrix due to electrostatic repulsion, and this is conducive to the improvement of film strength [ 22 ]. Huq et al (2012) also found a similar phenomenon that alginate film was more compact in the presence of CNCs, which improved the mechanical properties of the films [ 20 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As an eco-friendly, sustainable, green substance, CNCs also offer a potential for the reinforcement of biopolymer-based food packaging, e.g., protein and polysaccharide films, to replace petroleum-based materials [ 19 , 20 ]. CNCs have the advantages of non-toxicity, high crystallinity, and a large aspect ratio and surface area, which can effectively improve the poor water barrier and tensile strength of biopolymer-based films, and meet the requirements of different foods [ 21 , 22 ]. Yadav et al (2020) recently developed CNC-reinforced chitosan-based sustainable biocomposite films, and they found the CNCs improved the water vapor permeability, mechanical and UV barrier properties of the biocomposite films [ 23 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chemical and mechanical treatments were commonly used for removing amorphous cellulose and obtaining CNCs [ 21 , 25 ]. During their processing, CNCs usually introduce some groups to negative charge, such as carboxylate and sulfate groups, which makes it easy to separate from raw materials and form stable dispersion due to electric repulsion [ 22 ]. According to the principle of electrostatic interaction, whether the matrix was charged or not, the negative charge of CNCs will have a profound impact on the performance of biopolymer-based films [ 26 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cellulose Nanocrystals Reinforced Zein/Catechin/β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex Nanoparticles Nanocomposite Film for Active Food Packaging

et al. 2021

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In this study, following the green, environmentally friendly and sustainable development strategy, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were prepared through a solvent-free esterification reaction between microcrystalline cellulose and maleic anhydride, combined with subsequent ultrasonic treatment, and maleic-anhydride-modified CNC-reinforced zein/catechin/β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex nanoparticles nanocomposite films were prepared by a facile solution casting. The amount of CNCs in the film matrix was 0–8 wt%, and their effect on structural, physicochemical and functional properties of the resulting films were investigated. SEM images showed that the addition of CNCs made the microstructure of the film more smooth and uniform. The intermolecular hydrogen bonds between CNCs and film matrix were supported by FT-IR. XRD analysis also confirmed the appearance of a crystalline peak due to the existence of CNCs inside the films. The incorporation of CNCs significantly reduced water vapor permeability, water solubility and the swelling degree of the nanocomposite film, and also significantly increased tensile strength and elongation at break from 12.66 to 37.82 MPa and 4.5% to 5.2% (p < 0.05). Moreover, nanocomposite film packaging with CNCs can effectively inhibit the oxidation of soybean oil.

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“…Among the most common strategies are chemical and enzymatic modifications and the use of different crosslinking agents [2]. In this sense, nanocellulose and its derivates have recently attracted attention as they can be used as a reinforcement agent in protein films [17,18]. Nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) is a promising renewable and environmentally friendly material [17,18], which can improve film properties due its characteristics, such as low density and high strength [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Bovine Plasma Protein Film Reinforced with Nanofibrillated Cellulose Fiber as Edible Food Packaging Material

et al. 2021

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Proteins, such as those in blood from slaughterhouses, are a good option for developing edible films. However, films made exclusively from proteins have low strength and high water solubility, which makes them difficult to use in the food industry. The use of cellulosic material, such as nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC), can improve the properties of these films. In the present work, bovine plasma was acidified and treated with ethanol to precipitate its proteins, and these proteins were used to prepare films reinforced with several concentrations of NFC. In addition, control films prepared with untreated bovine plasma and reinforced with NFC were prepared as well. These new edible films were characterized according to their mechanical properties, water vapor permeability, light transmittance, and microstructure. Furthermore, the film with the best properties was selected to be additivated with nisin to test its antimicrobial properties by wrapping meat previously contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus. In this sense, films prepared with the extracted proteins showed better properties than the films prepared with untreated plasma. In addition, the results showed that the reinforcement of the films with a 10% (w/w) of NFC decreased their water solubility and improved their puncture strength and water vapor barrier properties. Finally, the addition of nisin to the films prepared with extracted protein from bovine plasma and NFC gave them antimicrobial properties against S. aureus.

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Using cellulose nanofibers to reinforce polysaccharide films: Blending vs layer-by-layer casting

Cited by 87 publications

References 61 publications

Functional Nanocellulose, Alginate and Chitosan Nanocomposites Designed as Active Film Packaging Materials

Functional Nanocellulose, Alginate and Chitosan Nanocomposites Designed as Active Film Packaging Materials

Cellulose Nanocrystals Reinforced Zein/Catechin/β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex Nanoparticles Nanocomposite Film for Active Food Packaging

Novel Bovine Plasma Protein Film Reinforced with Nanofibrillated Cellulose Fiber as Edible Food Packaging Material

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