“…In response to the limitations of bioassays, in the past few years several efficient and cost-effective chemical methods have been developed to predict PAH bioavailability to bacteria, earthworms, and plants, including the use of semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) (Tao et al 2009, Wang et al 2015, solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) (Jonker et al 2007, Van der Wal et al 2004), supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (Kreitinger et al 2007), and extraction with Tenax (Li et al 2015, You et al 2011) and cyclodextrin (Spasojevic et al 2015). Among these, the measurement of chemical activity (freely dissolved chemical concentrations) by SPME and the estimation of bioaccessibility (rapidly desorbing fraction) by Tenax-TA extraction have been successfully applied to predict the bioavailability of contaminants in organisms under laboratory conditions (Bielska et al 2014, Liu et al 2011, Yang et al 2013.…”