Using Cloud-Based Array Electromagnetics on the Path to Zero Carbon Footprint during the Energy Transition

Strack, K. M.; Davydycheva, Sofia; Passalacqua, Herminio; Smirnov, Maxim; Xu, Xiayu

doi:10.3390/jmse9080906

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 33 publications

(43 reference statements)

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“…Some complementary information related to field data acquisition and data processing, interpretation, and inversion activities in the case histories is presented in this appendix: Cloud-connected quality assurance is described in detail in [76]. MT data were processed using methods described in [49] and the CSEM processing described in [50].…”

Section: Conflicts Of Interestmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Electromagnetic Methods for Reservoir Monitoring with Emphasis on Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage

Barajas-Olalde,

Adams,

Curcio

et al. 2023

Minerals

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The Controlled-Source ElectroMagnetic (CSEM) method provides crucial information about reservoir fluids and their spatial distribution. Carbon dioxide (CO2) storage, enhanced oil recovery (EOR), geothermal exploration, and lithium exploration are ideal applications for the CSEM method. The versatility of CSEM permits its customization to specific reservoir objectives by selecting the appropriate components of a multi-component system. To effectively tailor the CSEM approach, it is essential to determine whether the primary target reservoir is resistive or conductive. This task is relatively straightforward in CO2 monitoring, where the injected fluid is resistive. However, for scenarios involving brine-saturated (water-wet) or oil-wet (carbon capture, utilization, and storage—CCUS) reservoirs, consideration must also be given to conductive reservoir components. The optimization of data acquisition before the survey involves analyzing target parameters and the sensitivity of multi-component CSEM. This optimization process typically includes on-site noise measurements and 3D anisotropic modeling. Based on our experience, subsequent surveys tend to proceed smoothly, yielding robust measurements that align with scientific objectives. Other critical aspects to be considered are using magnetotelluric (MT) measurements to define the overall background resistivities and integrating real-time quality assurance during data acquisition with 3D modeling. This integration allows the fine tuning of acquisition parameters such as acquisition time and necessary repeats. As a result, data can be examined in real-time to assess subsurface information content while the acquisition is ongoing. Consequently, high-quality data sets are usually obtained for subsequent processing and initial interpretation with minimal user intervention. The implementation of sensitivity analysis during the inversion process plays a pivotal role in ensuring that the acquired data accurately respond to the target reservoirs’ expected depth range. To elucidate these concepts, we present an illustrative example from a CO2 storage site in North Dakota, USA, wherein the long-offset transient electromagnetic method (LOTEM), a variation of the CSEM method, and the MT method were utilized. This example showcases how surface measurements attain appropriately upscaled log-scale sensitivity. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the CSEM and MT methods was examined in other case histories, where the target reservoirs exhibited conductive properties, such as those encountered in enhanced oil recovery (EOR), geothermal, and lithium exploration applications. The same equipment specifications were utilized for CSEM and MT surveys across all case studies.

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Section: Conflicts Of Interestmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Electromagnetic Methods for Reservoir Monitoring with Emphasis on Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage

Barajas-Olalde,

Adams,

Curcio

et al. 2023

Minerals

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CSEM fluid monitoring methodology using real data examples

Strack¹,

Adams

Barajas-Olalde

et al. 2022

Second International Meeting for Applied Geoscience &Amp; Energy

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Cloud-Based Array Electromagnetics Contributing to Zero Carbon Footprint

Strack¹,

Martinez²,

Passalacqua³

et al. 2022

Day 2 Tue, May 03, 2022

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Fluid imaging technologies are used in a wide range of E&P applications. Among geophysical methods, electromagnetics (EM) determines subsurface resistivities and thus respond to fluid changes. On the path to zero CO2 footprint, the biggest potential for EM lies in monitoring geothermal, carbon capture utilization and storage (CCUS), and enhanced oil recovery (EOR) of hydrocarbon reservoirs. For EOR of hydrocarbon reservoirs, EM methods also increase the recovery factor. At the same time, usage of CO2 for flooding can help reaching zero carbon footprint faster. In geothermal applications EM is a standard geophysical method. Monitoring is often carried out in compliance with induced seismicity monitoring to better understand the fluid movement inside the reservoir – here we suggest adding EM. For carbon capture applications, only recently EM methods have become of interest because there is a strong resistivity contrast between CO2 saturated fluid and normal reservoir fluids. We designed a new EM acquisition architecture that combines novel technologies and addresses the need of calibrating surface and borehole data with each other. This is necessary to obtain reservoir scale parameters. We also add various borehole receivers to the system to improve image focus and resolution. Our array acquisition system applies multiple electromagnetic methods as well as microseismic in ONE layout. This reduces operational cost and provides synergy between the methods. In a production scenario, using multi-component EM allows resolving oil and water-bearing zones equally well, as well as obtaining fluid flow directions. The modular architecture allows a fit-for-purpose configuration tailored to specific exploration/monitoring targets (in terms of depth, frequency range, and sensitivity required). The entire system combines hardware with processing and 3D modeling/inversion software, streamlining the workflow for the different methods. Acquiring and interpreting in combination with artificial intelligence and Cloud-based data transmission and quality assurance achieves near real-time operations. The biggest value is in faster operations and making decisions at a time when they can impact acquisition data quality. We use a multi-layered Cloud solution, for acquisition, processing, and interpretation. This acceleration then opens new doors for the breakthrough of this technology from exploration to production and monitoring. It also allows the application envelope to be enlarged to much noisier environments where real time feedback allows for better noise compensation methods. Once all components are commercialized, this could become a real game changer by providing near real-time 3-dimensional subsurface images because of a reduction of operational cost and by reducing the carbon footprint per barrel produced.

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Using Cloud-Based Array Electromagnetics on the Path to Zero Carbon Footprint during the Energy Transition

Cited by 3 publications

References 33 publications

Application of Electromagnetic Methods for Reservoir Monitoring with Emphasis on Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage

Application of Electromagnetic Methods for Reservoir Monitoring with Emphasis on Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage

CSEM fluid monitoring methodology using real data examples

Cloud-Based Array Electromagnetics Contributing to Zero Carbon Footprint

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