Using Conjunctival Swab with Polymerase Chain Reaction to Aid Diagnosis of Cytomegalovirus Retinitis in AIDS Patients

Liu, Jorn Hon; Hsu, Wen Ming; Wong, Wing Wai; Wang, Jaang Jiun; Liu, Wu Tse; Liu, Cheng Yi; Chiou, Shih Hwa

doi:10.1159/000027481

“…This study was published in 2000 and aimed to verify the e cacy of intravenous ganciclovir treatment in immunocompromised AIDS patients with CMV retinitis. The results showed a high clinical relevance for con rming and differentiating the diagnoses of CMV retinitis when ophthalmoscopic ndings were associated with PCR methods on conjunctival swab samples [48]. No other studies on the topic were found in this review, probably because the incidence of CMV retinitis in the AIDS population signi cantly decreased with the introduction of effective antiretroviral therapy and early accurate diagnosis [54][55][56][57].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…Most studies were on AdV [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] and HSV [21,25,28,[31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39], followed by SARS-CoV-2 [39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47]. VZV [31][32][33], CMV [31,32,48], EBV [31,32], EBO [49,50], HPV [51] and Zika virus [52] have also been identi ed on the ocular surface, but there are still few studies on this topic.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Schirmer strip and conjunctival swab for viral detection on the ocular surface of adults: a scoping review

Sabage

¹

,

Mazzo

²

,

Sabage

³

et al. 2020

Preprint

0

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Purpose During the COVID-19 pandemic, one of the biggest challenges is accurate diagnosis, and it is known that, in some cases, ocular manifestations are one of the first symptoms. In this context, this study has the objective of raising scientific evidence that highlights the use of Schirmer strips and conjunctival swabs as a method of sample collection for viral analysis to support future research on this theme. Methods A literature search was developed in the PubMed, Web of Science and BVS databases and followed the Scoping Review protocol defined by Joana Brigs Institute (JBI) after the guiding question “Is it possible to detect viruses on the ocular surface with Schirmer Test and/or conjunctival swab?”. Results A total of 418 studies were identified, and after discerning analysis, 36 studies published in English were selected. Three researchers analyzed studies after virus research, collection methods, and sample analysis. Publications were mainly on adenovirus, herpes simplex virus and SARS-CoV-2, but there is evidence of ocular detection on more viruses. Discussion Studies have generally been conducted to understand viral infection, to develop accurate diagnostic methods and to follow the patient’s response to treatment. Most studies were developed on a small number of patients and lacked clear definitions of collection time and viral persistence since the onset of diseases. Viruses can be detected on the ocular surface through the analysis of Schirmer strips and conjunctival swabs. However, additional studies with larger populations and time permanence are necessary to develop more assertive conclusions on the theme.

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“…This study was published in 2000 and aimed to verify the e cacy of intravenous ganciclovir treatment in immunocompromised AIDS patients with CMV retinitis. The results showed a high clinical relevance for con rming and differentiating the diagnoses of CMV retinitis when ophthalmoscopic ndings were associated with PCR methods on conjunctival swab samples (49) . No other studies on the topic were found in this review, probably because the incidence of CMV retinitis in the Acquired Immunode ciency Syndrome (AIDS) population signi cantly decreased with the introduction of effective antiretroviral therapy and early accurate diagnosis (56)(57)(58)(59) .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Schirmer strip and conjunctival swab for viral detection on the ocular surface of adults: a scoping review

Sabage¹,

Mazzo²,

Sabage³

et al. 2021

Preprint

2

0

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Purpose Schirmer Strips and Conjunctival swabs are used in ophthalmology for tears and fluids collection. During the COVID-19 pandemic, one of the biggest challenges is accurate diagnosis, and it is known that, in some cases, ocular manifestations are one of the first symptoms. In this context, this study has the objective of raising scientific evidence that highlights the use of Schirmer strips and conjunctival swabs as a method of sample collection for viral analysis to support future research on this theme. Methods A literature search was conducted in the PubMed, Web of Science and BVS databases, following the Scoping Review protocol defined by Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) after the guiding question “Is it possible to detect viruses on the ocular surface with Schirmer Test and/or conjunctival swab?”.Results A total of 418 studies were identified, and after discerning analysis, 36 English written studies were selected. Three researchers analyzed studies after virus research, collection methods, and sample analysis. Publications were mainly on adenovirus, herpes simplex virus and SARS-CoV-2, and there is also evidence of ocular detection of more viruses types. Conjuntival swab analyzed through Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) or Reverse Transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) were the most used methods.Conclusions Studies have generally been conducted to understand viral infection, to develop accurate diagnostic methods and to follow the patients’ response to treatment. Most studies were performed with a small number of patients and lacked clear definitions of collection time and viral persistence since the onset of diseases. Viruses can be detected on the ocular surface through the analysis of Schirmer strips and conjunctival swabs. However, additional studies with larger populations and time permanence are necessary to develop more assertive conclusions on the theme.

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“…Most studies were on AdV (19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31) and HSV (22,26,29,(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40) , followed by SARS-CoV-2 (40)(41)(42)(43)(44)(45)(46)(47)(48) . VZV (32)(33)(34) , Cytomegalovirus (CMV) (33,34,49) , EBV (33,34) , Ebola (EBO ) (50,51) , Human papillomavirus (HPV) (52) and Zika virus (53) have also been identi ed on the ocular surface. The evolution of published articles on AdV, HSV and SARS-CoV-2 is represented in Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Schirmer strip and conjunctival swab for viral detection on the ocular surface of adults: a scoping review

Sabage

¹

,

Mazzo

²

,

Sabage

³

et al. 2021

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Purpose Schirmer Strips and Conjunctival swabs are used in ophthalmology for tears and fluids collection. During the COVID-19 pandemic, one of the biggest challenges is accurate diagnosis, and it is known that, in some cases, ocular manifestations are one of the first symptoms. In this context, this study has the objective of raising scientific evidence that highlights the use of Schirmer strips and conjunctival swabs as a method of sample collection for viral analysis to support future research on this theme. Methods A literature search was conducted in the PubMed, Web of Science and BVS databases, following the Scoping Review protocol defined by Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) after the guiding question “Is it possible to detect viruses on the ocular surface with Schirmer Test and/or conjunctival swab?”.Results A total of 418 studies were identified, and after discerning analysis, 36 English written studies were selected. Three researchers analyzed studies after virus research, collection methods, and sample analysis. Publications were mainly on adenovirus, herpes simplex virus and SARS-CoV-2, and there is also evidence of ocular detection of more viruses types. Conjuntival swab analyzed through Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) or Reverse Transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) were the most used methods.Conclusions Studies have generally been conducted to understand viral infection, to develop accurate diagnostic methods and to follow the patients’ response to treatment. Most studies were performed with a small number of patients and lacked clear definitions of collection time and viral persistence since the onset of diseases. Viruses can be detected on the ocular surface through the analysis of Schirmer strips and conjunctival swabs. However, additional studies with larger populations and time permanence are necessary to develop more assertive conclusions on the theme.

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Using Conjunctival Swab with Polymerase Chain Reaction to Aid Diagnosis of Cytomegalovirus Retinitis in AIDS Patients

Cited by 6 publications

References 19 publications

Schirmer strip and conjunctival swab for viral detection on the ocular surface of adults: a scoping review

Schirmer strip and conjunctival swab for viral detection on the ocular surface of adults: a scoping review

Schirmer strip and conjunctival swab for viral detection on the ocular surface of adults: a scoping review

Schirmer strip and conjunctival swab for viral detection on the ocular surface of adults: a scoping review

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