“…Education in developing countries could be transformed and benefit from ICT4D strategies such as mobile technology (Badar, et al, 2018). With mobile-learning, learners have more flexibility of what, when, where, why and how to learn, making it an individualized, personalized and highly interactive learning (Bikanga Ada, 2018;Khaddage, Muller, & Flintoff, 2016;Cobcraft, Towers, Smith, & Bruns, 2006). Mobile phones are widely considered as the optimal solution for delivering education in developing countries, because of their usability, accessibility, and affordability (Grimus, et al, 2013;Ford & Leinonen, 2009).…”