“…Recently, various metal crack detection (MCD) techniques have been developed, including destructive tests such as acid corrosion, sulfur printing, and pinhole tests. However, non-destructive testing (NDT) has received significant attention because destructive tests can cause undesired damage and are limited in detecting cracks under coatings, such as rust, paint, corrosion protection, and composite laminate [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. NDT techniques include advanced ultrasound, acoustic emissions, eddy currents, and optical fiber techniques, all of which offer high-resolution crack detection.…”