“…Measuring three of them, instead of just one, gives us a comprehensive understanding of the interactions between the misinformation perceivers and contents. Furthermore, measuring three of them enables us to compare our results with a substantial number of previous studies that also measured perceived credibility (Edgerly et al, 2020;Oeldorf-Hirsch and DeVoss, 2020;Pjesivac et al, 2023;Prochazka et al, 2018;Vraga et al, 2019), attitude (Colliander, 2019;Pjesivac et al, 2023), and fact-checking tendency (Edgerly et al, 2020;Walter et al, 2021). Perceived credibility is defined as "judgments made by a perceiver concerning the believability of a communicator" (O'keefe, 1990: 130-131), attitude refers to individuals' satisfaction with the news article (Colliander, 2019;Pjesivac et al, 2023), and fact-checking tendency refers to people's intent to further verify information (Edgerly et al, 2020).…”