Using Evaluative Criteria to Review Youth Anxiety Measures, Part I: Self-Report

Etkin, Rebecca G.; Shimshoni, Yaara; Lebowitz, Eli R.; Silverman, Wendy K.

doi:10.1080/15374416.2020.1802736

Cited by 32 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 141 publications

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“…As expected, the correlations are lower when comparing the AVAC with total anxiety scores of the SCAS. Although these correlations are on the lower end of the range reported by Etkin et al (2020) , they are comparable with similar correlations in studies, which examine other overarching measures of anxiety symptoms with disorder specific assessments (e.g., Liebowotz Social Anxiety Scale for Children and Adolescents and State-trait anxiety inventory for children; Schmits et al, 2014 ). Unfortunately, there is no subscale or questionnaire included to measure specific phobia symptoms.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

“…Both parent and child data indicate either no significant or a slightly significant correlation between the anxiety/avoidance items and externalizing symptoms measured by SDQ. The AVAC shows lower correlations than the other anxiety questionnaires: SCAS and BAER-C ( Essau et al, 2002 ; Etkin et al, 2020 ; Lippert et al, submitted ), in which anxiety or avoidance scores correlate moderately with externalizing symptoms indicating very good divergent validity. Nevertheless, further studies are needed, especially to investigate the distinction between ADHD and Conduct Disorder, which will complement the present findings on divergent validity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Most of these questionnaires offer the possibility of calculating a total anxiety score, as well as separate scores for the different AD, thus highlighting different aspects of anxiety without exploring individual symptoms and behaviors. In a recent review, Etkin et al (2020) investigated eight of the most widely used self-report questionnaires in the field of CADs, and found good to excellent psychometric properties. Regarding test-retest reliability six questionnaires were rated “good” (test-retest correlations r ≥ 0.70 over a period of several months), and two were rated “excellent” (test-retest correlations r ≥ 0.70 over 1 year or longer).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Personalized Assessment of Anxiety and Avoidance in Children and Their Parents—Development and Evaluation of the Anxiety and Avoidance Scale for Children

et al. 2021

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In treating childhood anxiety disorders, therapists use highly individualized anxiety hierarchies to assess anxiety-eliciting situations and to personalize treatment. In contrast, psychometric assessment of anxiety symptoms in children usually consists of standardized questionnaires, assessing either total anxiety or disorder-specific symptom scores, prioritizing comparability over individual information. To account for interindividual differences, the Anxiety and Avoidance Scale for Children (AVAC) was developed, following a precise, personalized, assessment approach. In responding to the questionnaire, children and parents identify the most anxiety-eliciting situations before starting treatment, and rate them for anxiety and avoidance. Ratings are repeated over the course of treatment. The aim of this study is to introduce the new questionnaire and present first data on psychometric properties. The AVAC was administered to 389 children with separation anxiety disorder (N = 148), social anxiety disorder (N = 110) or specific phobia (N = 131) aged 8 to 16 and their parents, along with other measures of anxiety and psychopathology before and after cognitive behavioral treatment. Results showed adequate to good test-retest reliability. The AVAC items correlated significantly with established anxiety questionnaires, indicating convergent construct validity. Regarding divergent construct validity, the AVAC showed only small correlations with externalizing symptoms, demonstrating its precision in measuring anxiety and avoidance. The questionnaire was also sensitive to change after treatment, with medium to large effects in the reduction of anxiety and avoidance. The present analyses suggest that the new personalized assessment approach with the AVAC is a reliable and valid assessment of individualized anxiety and avoidance, as well as change in those constructs over the course of CBT treatment.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Personalized Assessment of Anxiety and Avoidance in Children and Their Parents—Development and Evaluation of the Anxiety and Avoidance Scale for Children

et al. 2021

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“…A second limitation is reliance on self-report data, although this was a reasonable place to begin in this underdeveloped line of inquiry and given the strengths/ efficiency of self-report and that the informant data suggest intriguing possibilities (e.g., Etkin et al, 2021). Third, although it is a study strength that our sample contained a relatively high proportion of Hispanic/ Latino participants and that previous randomized CBT efficacy trials focused on anxiety in youths with and without parent involvement showed that Hispanic and non-Hispanic samples responded similarly (Pina, Silverman, Fuentes, et al, 2003;Vaclavik et al, 2017), future research designed from the onset to understand the role of ethnicity-related variables as well as other variables (e.g., acculturation, treatment compliance) that might affect treatment use and outcomes is needed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does Training Parents in Reinforcement Skills or Relationship Skills Enhance Individual Youths’ Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety? Outcome, Specificity, and Mediation

Silverman

Rey

Marin

et al. 2021

Clinical Psychological Science

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We conducted a dismantling design treatment study comparing individual cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), CBT targeting parents’ reinforcement skills (CBT + Reinf), and CBT targeting parents’ relationship skills (CBT+ Relat) in 341 youths with primary anxiety diagnoses. At posttreatment, youths in CBT with parent involvement had lower anxiety than youths in CBT. At 12-month follow-up, youths in CBT + Relat maintained lower anxiety relative to CBT. At posttreatment, negative reinforcement was significantly lower in CBT + Reinf than CBT + Relat and CBT; negative reinforcement partially mediated anxiety reduction in youths. Reducing parental negative reinforcement in CBT + Reinf was associated with lower parental psychological control, which also partially mediated anxiety reduction in youths. Some of these mediational dynamics continued through follow-up. Targeting concrete behavioral parenting skills, especially negative reinforcement, produced treatment specificity and partial mediation relative to less concrete targeting and enhanced CBT. Findings highlight complexities in identifying mechanisms through which targeting of parenting skills produces anxiety reduction in youths and suggest avenues for future research.

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“…In the absence of gender- and age-based norms for H/L samples, and to permit comparison of our findings with prior youth anxiety studies with H/L samples (e.g., Pina et al, 2012; Pina, Little, et al, 2009; Silverman et al, 1999, 2009, 2019, 2022; Vaclavik et al, 2017; Varela et al, 2008), we report raw scores in the present study. The RCMAS parent and child versions have extensive validity and reliability data (Reynolds & Richmond, 1978) and are sensitive to change in clinical trials (e.g., Etkin, Lebowitz, et al, 2021; Etkin, Shimshoni, et al, 2021; Silverman et al, 2019, 2022; Silverman & Ollendick, 2005). The Spanish versions of the RCMAS have demonstrated comparable psychometric properties to the English versions (Pina, Little, et al, 2009; Varela et al, 2008).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parent involvement enhances CBTs for anxiety disorders in Hispanic/Latino youth: Acculturation as a moderator.

Patriarca¹,

Rey²,

Marin³

et al. 2022

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

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Objective: Although cognitive behavioral treatments (CBTs) are well-established evidence-based interventions for anxiety disorders in youth, there is long-standing underrepresentation of Hispanic/Latino (H/L) families in youth anxiety clinical trials research. The impact of such underrepresentation is that clinicians who work with H/L youth have minimal evidence-based guidance on best practices. The present study moves toward informing best practices for working with H/L youth with anxiety disorders by examining H/L parents' acculturation and enculturation as moderators of youth anxiety outcomes following CBTs. Method: Two hundred eleven H/L youths ages 6-16 (M = 9.41 years, SD = 2.39 years; 43.8% female) and their parents were assigned to individual-youth CBT or one of two parent involvement CBTs: one targeted decreasing parent psychological control, the other targeted decreasing parent use of negative reinforcement. Parent acculturation and enculturation were measured at pretreatment; youth anxiety severity was measured at pretreatment, posttreatment, and 12-month follow-up evaluations. Results: Youth anxiety outcomes were enhanced in both parent involvement CBTs compared with individual-youth CBT. Parent acculturation, but not enculturation, significantly moderated outcomes. At lower levels of parent acculturation, youth anxiety outcomes were enhanced in the parent involvement CBT that targeted negative reinforcement. At higher levels of parent acculturation, youth anxiety outcomes were enhanced in the parent involvement CBT that targeted psychological control. Conclusions: These findings further support the efficacy of CBTs for anxiety disorders in H/L youth and suggest guidance for tailoring parent involvement treatments based on parent acculturation levels. What is the public health significance of this article?This study advances best practices for treating Hispanic/Latino (H/L) youth with anxiety disorders by demonstrating that (a) parent involvement in cognitive behavioral treatments enhances youth anxiety outcomes and (b) parent acculturation levels moderate outcomes. For low-acculturated parents, targeting decreases in negative reinforcement enhances outcomes; for high-acculturated parents, targeting decreases in psychological control enhances outcomes.

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Using Evaluative Criteria to Review Youth Anxiety Measures, Part I: Self-Report

Cited by 32 publications

References 141 publications

Personalized Assessment of Anxiety and Avoidance in Children and Their Parents—Development and Evaluation of the Anxiety and Avoidance Scale for Children

Personalized Assessment of Anxiety and Avoidance in Children and Their Parents—Development and Evaluation of the Anxiety and Avoidance Scale for Children

Does Training Parents in Reinforcement Skills or Relationship Skills Enhance Individual Youths’ Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety? Outcome, Specificity, and Mediation

Parent involvement enhances CBTs for anxiety disorders in Hispanic/Latino youth: Acculturation as a moderator.

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