Using flow cytometry and cytological analyses to assess the genetic stability of somatic embryo-derived plantlets from embryogenic Musa acuminata Colla (AA) ssp. malaccensis cell suspension cultures

Somatic Embryogenesis in Banana, Musa ssp.

“…The somatic embryos have a bipolar structure with apical and radical meristems and showed morphological characteristics resembling those found in zygotic embryos. Plant regeneration in banana through SE is important because of the recognized unicellular origin of embryos Roux et al 2004;Escobedo-GraciaMedrano et al 2014) and the risk of generating plants with chimeric tissues after genetic transformation is minimized. SE can be initiated directly from the explant of donor plant without callus formation (direct SE), or indirectly by means of a callus stage (indirect SE) (Quiroz-Figueroa et al 2006).…”

“…From the earlier reports in the late 1980s, and thereafter, five main procedures for establishment of embryogenic callus and proliferation of ESC in banana are recognized. They rely on the type of explant in which SE is initiated for a large range of Musa genotypes tested, as follows: (i) immature zygotic embryos (IZEs), (Cronauer-Mitra and Krikorian 1988;Escalant and Teisson 1989;Navarro et al 1997;Escobedo-GraciaMedrano et al 2014;Maldonado-Borges et al 2013;Krikorian and Scott 1995), and mature zygotic embryos (MZEs) (Uma et al 2012), with modifications by the use of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 3,6-dichloro-2-meth-oxybenzoic acid (dicamba) or 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropyridine-2-carboxylic acid (picloram) as synthetic auxin (Novak et al 1989;Escobedo-GraciaMedrano et al 2014;Remakanthan et al 2014). (ii) Rhizome slices and leaf sheaths (Novak et al 1989), cultures of proliferating meristem called "scalps" (Dhed'a et al 1991;Schoofs et al 1998;Strosse et al 2003), immature male (Ma 1991;Escalant et al 1994;Côte et al 1996;Grapin et al 1996;Navarro et al 1997), and female flowers (Grapin et al 2000).…”

“…While, direct somatic embryos developed from split shoot tips under a combination of the PGR picloram and 6-benzyladenine (BA), (Remakanthan et al 2014). On the other hand, as shown by their higher SE response, immature zygotic embryos have greater competence for embryogenic callus formation compared to differentiated tissue that need to undergo dedifferentiation (Marroquin et al 1993;Escobedo-GraciaMedrano et al 2014), yet, immature embryos responded better than mature embryos (Uma et al 2012). From the inflorescence male bud (Fig.…”

“…21.1d) and non-organized cell clusters, is the most wanted callus for the initiation of embryogenic cell suspension (ECS) cultures ( Fig. 21.1d), from either of the cited methods (Ma 1991;Escalant et al 1994;Côte et al 1996;Grapin et al 1996;Navarro et al 1997;Marroquin et al 1993;Escobedo-GraciaMedrano et al 2014). …”

“…Banana ECS cultures are established by transferring embryogenic callus ( Fig. 21.1d) into M2, MA2 liquid medium (M1 and MA1, without gelling agent) for male flower method, or the MI (Marroquin et al 1993) or S1 and S2 liquid media for the immature-zygotic-embryo method (Table 21.2); most of these media are added with L-glutamine and malt extract, respectively, (Côte et al 1996;Strosse et al 2003;Escobedo-GraciaMedrano et al 2014;Jafari et al 2015). Under such (Fig.…”