Using Input‐Output Analysis to Measure the Environmental Pressure of Consumption at Different Spatial Levels

Munksgaard, Jesper; Wier, Mette; Lenzen, Manfred; Dey, Christopher

doi:10.1162/1088198054084699

Cited by 157 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…This indicated that the influence of demographic effects on household energy is limited if population is under control. These findings are basically the same as the conclusion of Fu et al [38], Lenzen et al [18,39] and Munksgaard et al [40].…”

Section: Results and Discussion Of Lmdi Modelsupporting

confidence: 92%

Structural Evolution of Household Energy Consumption: A China Study

et al. 2015

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Sustainable energy production and consumption is one of the issues for the sustainable development strategy in China. As China's economic development paradigm shifts, household energy consumption (HEC) has become a focus of achieving national goals of energy efficiency and greenhouse gas reduction. The information entropy model and LMDI model were employed in this study in order to analyse the structural evolution of HEC, as well as its associated critical factors. The results indicate that the information entropy of HEC increased gradually, and coal will be reduced by clean energies, such as natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas. The information entropy tends to stabilize and converge due to rapid urbanization. Therefore, from the perspective of environmental protection and natural resource conservation, the structure of household energy consumption will be optimized. This study revealed that residents' income level is one of the most critical factors for the increase of energy consumption, while the energy intensity is the only driving force for the reduction of HEC. The accumulated contribution of these two factors to the HEC is 240.53% OPEN ACCESSSustainability2015, 7 3920 and −161.75%, respectively. It is imperative to improve the energy efficiency in the residential sector. Recommendations are provided to improve the energy efficiency-related technologies, as well as the standards for the sustainable energy strategy.

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Section: Results and Discussion Of Lmdi Modelsupporting

confidence: 92%

Structural Evolution of Household Energy Consumption: A China Study

et al. 2015

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“…EIO-LCA thus enables an analyst to consider the environmental effects throughout the economy (i.e., the direct and indirect effects across the supply chain) that result from a change in output for a particular industry (2). Several other works have expanded on the EIO-LCA framework such as that conducted by Suh on hybrid models (22,23) and by several research groups on multi-regional models (13,24,25). National EIO-LCA Models.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic Input−Output Life-Cycle Assessment of Trade Between Canada and the United States

Norman

Charpentier

MacLean

2007

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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With increasing trade liberalization, attempts at accounting for environmental impacts and energy use across the manufacturing supply chain are complicated by the predominance of internationally supplied resources and products. This is particularly true for Canada and the United States, the world's largest trading partners. We use an economic input-output life-cycle assessment (EIO-LCA) technique to estimate the economy-wide energy intensity and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions intensity for 45 manufacturing and resource sectors in Canada and the United States. Overall, we find that U.S. manufacturing and resource industries are about 1.15 times as energyintensive and 1.3 times as GHG-intensive as Canadian industries, with significant sector-specific discrepancies in energy and GHG intensity. This trend is mainly due to a greater direct reliance on fossil fuels for many U.S. industries, in addition to a highly fossil-fuel based electricity mix in the U.S. To account for these differences, we develop a 76 sector binational EIO-LCA model that implicitly considers trade in goods between Canada and the U.S. Our findings show that accounting for trade can significantly alter the results of life-cycle assessment studies, particularly for many Canadian manufacturing sectors, and the production/consumption of goods in one country often exerts significant energy-and GHG-influences on the other.

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“…While many studies explore the carbon emissions embedded in trade, 4 some studies focus specifi cally on the role of imported goods and services and their associated emissions in the carbon footprints of households 5 (Hertwich and Peters 2009 ;Lenzen et al 2006 ;Munksgaard et al 2005 ;Nijdam et al 2005 ;Peters and Hertwich 2006b ). Peters and Hertwich ( 2006a ) put forward a general rule that countries with a high proportion of imports and relatively clean electricity generation are likely to have a signifi cant proportion of their household carbon emissions attributed to imports.…”

Section: Consumption Accounting and Carbon Footprintingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the defi nition of what is included in a carbon footprint is contentious, as shown in Table 9.1 . In this chapter 4 See for example: Davis and Caldeira ( 2010 ), Ahmad and Wyckoff ( 2003 ), Andrew et al ( 2013 ), Atkinson et al ( 2011 ), Cave andBlomquist ( 2008 ), Hertwich and Peters ( 2009 ), Lin and Sun ( 2010 ), Maenpaa and Siikavirta ( 2007 ), Munksgaard et al ( 2005 ), Nakano et al ( 2009 ), Peters and Hertwich ( 2008b ), Peters et al ( 2011 ), Shui and Hariss ( 2006 ), Weber and Peters ( 2009 ) and Knight and Schor ( 2014 ). 5 Consumption accounting attributes carbon emissions to the 'fi nal demand' of a country and is based on the UN System of National Accounts.…”

Section: Consumption Accounting and Carbon Footprintingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Estimation of carbon emissions embedded in other expenditures is harder and requires information on the technologies used to manufacture all products and services purchased, wherever in the world this may occur. This is generally done using Environmentally Extended Input-Output Analysis (EE-IOA) (Hertwich 2011 ;Munksgaard et al 2005 ;Weber and Matthews 2008 ;Weber and Perrels 2000 ;Lenzen et al 2004 ;Wiedmann 2009 ). EE-IOA is a top-down methodology that combines information on the structure of the economy with environmental data (see Miller and Blair ( 2009 )).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Understanding Households as Drivers of Carbon Emissions

Druckman

Jackson

2016

Taking Stock of Industrial Ecology

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Households are accountable for nearly three quarters of global carbon emissions and thus understanding the drivers of these emissions is important if we are to make progress towards a low carbon future. This chapter starts by explaining the importance of using an appropriate consumption perspective accounting framework for assessing the carbon footprint of households. This contrasts from the more commonly used production perspective, as, for many Western countries in particular, once responsibility for emissions embedded in imported goods and services are taken into account, consumption emissions are often higher than production emissions.The chapter then reviews fi ndings concerning the determinants and composition of the carbon footprint of households, focusing on Western countries. One of the main determinants is income, with carbon footprints increasing with increasing incomes. However, other drivers, such as household size and composition, rural/ urban location, diet and type of energy supply, also play a part. Studies show that the majority of an average carbon footprint arises from three domains: transportation, housing and food. Further analyses aimed at gaining a deeper understanding of the motivations behind the activities driving emissions, in particular those due to transportation and housing, show that recreation and leisure pursuits are responsible for a substantial portion of average carbon footprints. Studies indicate, for example, that activities such as spending time with friends and family in and around the home, which are generally low carbon and also enhance well-being, should be encouraged alongside the more mainstream strategies of improving systems of provision of energy, food, housing and transportation.The fi nding that income is one of the principal drivers of carbon emissions is a challenging and important issue to address, as, for instance, incomes are arguably the driver of the rebound effect -a phenomenon that confounds attempts to reduce carbon footprints, making reducing emissions more of an uphill task than often acknowledged. This challenge leads us to a wider, whole-systems approach in which we view households as an integral part of the system of production and consumption.A. Druckman (*) • T. Jackson Centre for Environmental Strategy , University of Surrey , Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH , UK e-mail: a.druckman@surrey.ac.uk 182 In summary, industrial ecology, with its wide ranging systems approach as shown in this chapter, has a great deal to contribute to the quest to devise strategies to move towards lower carbon, fulfi lling lifestyles.

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Using Input‐Output Analysis to Measure the Environmental Pressure of Consumption at Different Spatial Levels

Cited by 157 publications

References 60 publications

Structural Evolution of Household Energy Consumption: A China Study

Structural Evolution of Household Energy Consumption: A China Study

Economic Input−Output Life-Cycle Assessment of Trade Between Canada and the United States

Understanding Households as Drivers of Carbon Emissions

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