“…One reason for the positive results might be that we used the clickers as a catalyst to engage the students in a discussion of how their estimates compared to other people's and why people generally answer in this way, instead of using them for testing immediate retention before continuing with lecture or using them for quizzing. The effect of clickers on student performance is greater than in some studies using other active learning exercises in class (DeBord, Aruguete, & Muhlig, 2004;Forsyth & Archer, 1997;Pemberton, Borrego, & Cohen, 2006;Wit, 2003). In other studies, instructors have not dramatically altered the lectures, student attendance was not controlled, and material outside the lectures in which clickers were used was assessed on performance measures (Kennedy & Cutts, 2005;Yourstone et al, 2008).…”