15In most animals, respiratory activity inversely correlates with environmental oxygen 16 levels 1,2 . However, less is known about how the underlying neural circuitry encodes 17 oxygen information and modifies behaviours. Here, we characterize the oxygen sensing 18 circuit and reveal sensory coding principles in a Danio rerio larva, an optically 19 accessible vertebrate that increases respiration and startle-related responses under 20 hypoxia 3 . We observe that cranial sensory neurons receive input from multiple oxygen-21 sensing neuroendocrine cells, and then relay this information to hindbrain targets. 22Moreover, hypoxia evoked increase in cranial sensory dendrite calcium events indicates 23 an oxygen-driven change in input dimensionality, which is also represented in their 24 cytoplasm. Additionally, we estimate that a neural code using cytoplasmic calcium 25 events requires most of the cranial sensory neurons, whereas one integrating input 26 dimensionality needs only a third. Furthermore, we show that purinergic signalling at 27 the neuroendocrine cell-sensory neuron synapses drives hypoxia-induced respiratory 28 changes, independent of serotonin, which triggers startle-related responses. Collectively 29 we demonstrate that oxygen coding employs a "many-to-one" sensory circuit that 30 transforms ambient oxygen into neuronal activity and input dimensionality changes to 31 impact behaviour. More broadly, we suggest that multi-dimensional coding might be a 32 common feature of many-to-one circuit motifs, revealing a function for related circuits 33 across species. 34
35Mammals have evolved specialized neural circuitry to detect and respond to oxygen 36 changes. Neuroendocrine glomus cells in the carotid body sense blood oxygen levels and 37 communicate this information to the carotid sinus nerve, a branch of the glossopharyngeal 38 nerve, and the brainstem 4 . Typically, hypoxia is thought to depolarize glomus cells, which in 39 turn release ATP and acetylcholine 5 activating the carotid sinus nerve resulting in higher 40 respiratory rates 6,7 . In parallel, hypoxia also acts via serotonin and brainstem respiratory 41 circuits to promote arousal 8,9 . While neural circuitry and neurotransmitters driving hypoxia-42 induced responses have been described, how the cranial sensory neurons encode oxygen 43 levels and initiate changes in respiratory behaviours. To gain insights into the neuronal 44 dynamics, we probed these pathways in the transparent zebrafish larva. Teleost fish use both 45 the glossopharyngeal and vagal cranial sensory neurons to sense hypoxia 10 . In zebrafish, 46 these neurons innervate the gill-localized neuroendocrine cells (NECs), potential oxygen 47