“…Over the past few decades, various medical image segmentation algorithm have been presented, which can be broadly grouped into thresholding (Jain and Singh, 2022;Rawas and El-Zaart, 2022), watershed (Mohanapriya and Kalaavathi, 2019;Sadegh et al, 2022), clustering (Xu et al, 2022;Zhou et al, 2022), conditional random field (Sun et al, 2020;Li et al, 2022), dictionary learning Tang et al, 2021), graph cut (Gamechi et al, 2021;Zhu et al, 2021), region growing (Rundo et al, 2016;Biratu et al, 2021), active contour (Dake et al, 2019;Shahvaran et al, 2021), quantuminspired computing (Sergioli et al, 2021;Amin et al, 2022), computational intelligence (Vijay et al, 2016;. These traditional methods rely on developers to design algorithms for specific applications.…”