“…These ideas have been applied in several fields both explicitly and implicitly. For example, we should mention the multi-thread parallel metaheuristics (Bouthillier and Crainic 2005;Cruz and Pelta 2009;Pelta et al 2006), where several heuristics that are executed in parallel, cooperate sharing performance information in order to reach promising regions of the search space, avoid local minima, determine the most suitable heuristic, etc. Also multi-agents systems, where a set of very simple entities ('ants' in ACO, Dorigo and Stützle (2004) or 'particles' in PSO, Kennedy and Eberhart (2001)) proceed in a cooperative way to improve progressively a population of solutions.…”