Using Moran’s I For Detection And Monitoring Of The Covid-19 Spreading Stage In Thailand During The Third Wave Of The Pandemic

Abstract

Spatial distribution and spreading patterns of COVID-19 in Thailand were investigated in this study for the 1 April – 23 July 2021 period by analyzing COVID-19 incidence’s spatial autocorrelation and clustering patterns in connection to population density, adult population, mean income, hospital beds, doctors and nurses. Clustering analysis indicated that Bangkok is a significant hotspot for incidence rates, whereas other cities across the region have been less affected. Bivariate Moran’s I showed a low relationship between COVID-19 incidences and the number of adults (Moran’s I = 0.1023- 0.1985), whereas a strong positive relationship was found between COVID-19 incidences and population density (Moran’s I = 0.2776-0.6022). Moreover, the difference Moran’s I value in each parameter demonstrated the transmission level of infectious COVID-19, particularly in the Early (first phase) and Spreading stages (second and third phases). Spatial association in the early stage of the COVID-19 outbreak in Thailand was measured in this study, which is described as a spatio-temporal pattern. The results showed that all of the models indicate a significant positive spatial association of COVID-19 infections from around 10 April 2021. To avoid an exponential spread over Thailand, it was important to detect the spatial spread in the early stages. Finally, these findings could be used to create monitoring tools and policy prevention planning in future.

Spatial autocorrelation and heterogenicity of demographic and healthcare factors in the five waves of COVID-19 epidemic in Thailand

“…On the other hand, the LL clusters found in several waves indicate that areas with low numbers of physicians may be less affected by COVID-19. This might reflect the same situation as described above or it could be due to factors such as exposure to the virus in medical settings or a high population mobility in these areas (Ehlert, 2021;Ramírez-Aldana et al, 2020;Su et al, 2020;Wetchayont et al, 2021). This study highlights the importance of considering the distribution of healthcare workers, particularly physicians, in the response to COVID-19.…”

Cartography for Sustainable Tourism of Cultural Tourism Attractions Around Sawaswareesrimaram Temple, Dusit District, Bangkok

“…Thailand's tourism industry is important and plays a key role in the economy that generates income for Thailand as a top priority. However, with the past COVID-2019 epidemic situation, it has caused damage to the Thai economy (Wetchayont and Waiyasusri, 2021), and one of them is in tourism where the epidemic has limited and reduced the role of people traveling both domestically and internationally (Duro et al, 2021;Papajorgji et al, 2021;Wetchayont, 2021). As a result, Thailand has been directly affected and considered a crisis in tourism, that is, the number of foreign tourists arriving in the country has decreased by more than 90%.…”