Using mycorrhiza-defective mutant genotypes of non-legume plant species to study the formation and functioning of arbuscular mycorrhiza: a review

Watts‐Williams, Stephanie J.; Cavagnaro, Timothy R.

doi:10.1007/s00572-015-0639-2

Cited by 25 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 117 publications

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“…When a cover crop, especially a legume, is used in these systems, then AM formation in the cash crop apparently can withstand some tillage. Although AMF colonization rates are widely measured, their relationship with actual functions remains unclear (Lekberg & Koide ), so future work that uses innovative approaches like non‐AM plant mutants (Watts‐Williams & Cavagnaro ) will be needed to determine decisively how and when these changes are linked to enhancements in ecosystem services like crop productivity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological intensification and arbuscular mycorrhizas: a meta‐analysis of tillage and cover crop effects

Bowles

Jackson

Loeher

et al. 2016

Journal of Applied Ecology

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196

102

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1. Reliance on ecosystem services instead of synthetic, non-renewable inputs is increasingly seen as key to achieving food security in an environmentally sustainable way. This process, known as ecological intensification, will depend in large part on enhancing below-ground biological interactions that facilitate resource use efficiency. Arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM), associations formed between the roots of most terrestrial plant species and a specialized group of soil fungi, provide valuable ecosystem services, but the full magnitude of these services may not be fully realized under conventional intensively managed annual agricultural systems. 2. Here, we use meta-analysis to assess how reducing soil disturbance and periods without roots in agricultural systems affect the formation of AM and the diversity and community composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). We compiled data from 54 field studies across five continents that measured effects of tillage and/or cover cropping on AMF colonization and/or communities and assessed effects of management and environmental factors on these responses. 3. Less intensive tillage and winter cover cropping similarly increased AMF colonization of summer annual cash crop roots by $ 30%. The key variables influencing the change in AMF colonization were the type of cover crop or the type of alternative tillage, suggesting that farmers can optimize combinations of tillage and cover crops that most enhance AM formation, particularly with no-till systems and legume cover crops. 4. Richness of AMF taxa increased by 11% in low-intensity vs. conventional tillage regimes. Several studies showed changes in diversity and community composition of AMF with cover cropping, but these responses were not consistent. 5. Synthesis and applications. This meta-analysis indicates that less intensive tillage and cover cropping are both viable strategies for enhancing root colonization from indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) across a wide range of soil types and cash crop species, and possibly also shifting AMF community structure, which could in turn increase biologically based resource use in agricultural systems.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological intensification and arbuscular mycorrhizas: a meta‐analysis of tillage and cover crop effects

Bowles

Jackson

Loeher

et al. 2016

Journal of Applied Ecology

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196

102

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“…Nevertheless, we have sufficient clues to suspect the existence of a more complex scenario of CSP protein localization and activity. Studying symbiotic signaling in non-legumes appears today as a very promising approach to address such questions ( Watts-Williams and Cavagnaro, 2015 ): working on a biological system that intrinsically excludes the cross-talk of two evolutionarily related interactions such as RLS and AM will deliver crucial knowledge that can then be applied to decipher the multiple symbiotic system of legumes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does a Common Pathway Transduce Symbiotic Signals in Plant–Microbe Interactions?

2016

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Recent years have witnessed major advances in our knowledge of plant mutualistic symbioses such as the rhizobium-legume symbiosis (RLS) and arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM). Some of these findings caused the revision of longstanding hypotheses, but one of the most solid theories is that a conserved set of plant proteins rules the transduction of symbiotic signals from beneficial glomeromycetes and rhizobia in a so-called common symbiotic pathway (CSP). Nevertheless, the picture still misses several elements, and a few crucial points remain unclear. How does one common pathway discriminate between – at least – two symbionts? Can we exclude that microbes other than AM fungi and rhizobia also use this pathway to communicate with their host plants? We here discuss the possibility that our current view is biased by a long-lasting focus on legumes, whose ability to develop both AM and RLS is an exception among plants and a recent innovation in their evolution; investigations in non-legumes are starting to place legume symbiotic signaling in a broader perspective. Furthermore, recent studies suggest that CSP proteins act in a wider scenario of symbiotic and non-symbiotic signaling. Overall, evidence is accumulating in favor of distinct activities for CSP proteins in AM and RLS, depending on the molecular and cellular context where they act.

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“…In future, it will be important to determine whether an adequate balance exists between the direct and mycorrhizal phosphateuptake pathway in field crops. For this, mycorrhizal phosphate uptake-defective mutant and wild-type plant pairs will be used to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the balance of direct/mycorrhizal phosphate uptake using radiolabeled phosphate (e.g., 32 P; Jakobsen et al, 2001;Smith et al, 2004;Yang et al, 2012;Willmann et al, 2013) as a tracer using the soil of conventional agriculture (Rillig et al, 2008;Watts-Williams SJ Cavagnaro, 2015). The balance of mycorrhizal/direct phosphate uptake associated with indigenous AMF species also remains to be investigated.…”

Section: Challenges: Dynamics In Mycorrhizal Phosphate Uptake Mycorrhmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic Phosphate Uptake in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Roots Under Field Conditions

Kobae

2019

Front. Environ. Sci.

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Many crops are colonized with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which can efficiently absorb nutrients such as phosphate from the soil. The utilization of mycorrhizal symbioses is one of the most promising options for developing resource-saving and sustainable agricultural systems. Most laboratory studies have illustrated the roles of AM symbiosis by inoculating plants with limited AMF isolates. In the field, however, the roots of crops are co-colonized with multiple AMF species, which are difficult to separate and identify and may have different abilities regarding phosphate uptake. In addition, it is difficult to understand which AMF are functional due to the dynamics of AMF colonization processes and the largely unknown genomic structure. This review summarizes key discoveries supporting the importance of the dynamics of AM colonization and genomic structure, which potentially influence the characteristics of AM phosphate uptake. Moreover, this review aims to identify the research direction necessary to obtain a better understanding of the phosphate uptake systems of crops in the field.

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Using mycorrhiza-defective mutant genotypes of non-legume plant species to study the formation and functioning of arbuscular mycorrhiza: a review

Cited by 25 publications

References 117 publications

Ecological intensification and arbuscular mycorrhizas: a meta‐analysis of tillage and cover crop effects

Ecological intensification and arbuscular mycorrhizas: a meta‐analysis of tillage and cover crop effects

Does a Common Pathway Transduce Symbiotic Signals in Plant–Microbe Interactions?

Dynamic Phosphate Uptake in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Roots Under Field Conditions

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