Using National Survey Respondents as Consumers in an Agent-Based Model of Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle Adoption

Abstract

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) offer the potential to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions, if vehicle consumers are willing to adopt this new technology. Consequently, there is much interest in exploring PHEV market penetration models. In prior work, we developed an agent-based model (ABM) of potential PHEV consumer adoption that incorporated several spatial, social, and media influences to identify nonlinear interactions among potential leverage points that may impact PHEV market penetration. In developing that model, the need for additional data to properly inform both the decisionmaking rules and agent initialization became apparent. To address these issues, we recently conducted and analyzed an extensive consumer survey; in this paper, we modify the ABM to reflect the survey findings. A unique aspect is a one-to-one correspondence between agents in the model and survey respondents, and thus yielding distributions and cross correlations in agent attributes that accurately reflect the survey population. We also implement a used-PHEV market, and allow agents to purchase new or used compact PHEVs or vehicles of their current type. Based on our prior survey response analysis, our modified model includes a PHEV-technology threshold component, a multinomial logistic prediction of willingness to consider a compact PHEV based on dynamically changing attitudes, and agent-specific delay discounting functions that predict the amount agents are willing to pay up front for greater fuel savings. We thus independently account for agents' discomfort with the new PHEV technology, their desire to drive a more environmentally friendly vehicle, and their willingness to pay a higher sticker price for a PHEV. Results of ten survey-based ABM scenarios are reported with implications for policy-makers and manufacturers. We believe close integration of the design of consumer surveys and the development of ABMs is a key step in developing useful decision-support models; this paper serves as an example of one way to achieve that.INDEX TERMS Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), agent-based model, market penetration, electric vehicle adoption, vehicle choice simulation, vehicle choice survey.

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“…ABM allows explaining the complexities of social behavior and social interactions on the level of individuals thanks to the increasingly easy access to fine-grained data. Some examples include the study of Eppestein et al [21] developed an agent-based model of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles' adoption incorporating extensive consumer survey data. Dehghanpour et al [22] studied the behavior of the day-ahead retail electrical energy market with price-based demand response through a multiagent framework.…”