Using of Citrus By-products in Farm Animals Feeding

Abstract

Conventional feedstuffs are often expensive and therefore the utilization of agroindustrial by-products as feedstuffs may be economically worthwhile. Ruminant feeding systems based on locally available by-product feedstuffs (BPF) are often a practical alternative because the rumen microbial ecosystem can utilize BPF which often contain high levels of structural fiber to meet their nutrient requirements for maintenance, growth, reproduction and production. Citrus by-product includes numerous BPF which varies according to the originating crop and method of production that is an important component of ruminant feeding systems in many areas of the world. Citrus pulp is the residues of citrus juice canning industry. Oranges, tangerines, lemons or grapefruits are used for this purpose but the common raw material for juice industry elsewhere in the world is orange fruit (Citrus sinensis). Citrus pulp is the solid residue that remains after fresh fruits are squeezed into juice. Citrus Pulp is the dried residue of peel, pulp and seeds of oranges, grapefruit and other citrus fruit.The nutritional value of citrus pulp is high owing to its high content of readily fermentable carbohydrates and contains a variety of energy substrates for ruminal microbes, including both soluble carbohydrates and a readily digestible neutral detergent fiber (NDF) fraction. Therefore, when citrus BPF substituted for starchy feeds, NDF and acid detergent fiber (ADF) digestibility coefficients are increased. Dried citrus pulp is also a valuable feed for beef and growing cattle and can partly replace energy sources safely included in rations at 20-30% of the DM possible to include up to 40% dried citrus pulp in the diets of fattening cattle without altering animal health. To increase the usefulness of citrus pulp it can be preserved by drying which can been used as the main energy source for beef cattle and heifers up to 45% has been used in calf rations but should not be used at high levels for milking cows as milk production tends to decrease. In addition, the liquid obtained from pressing citrus waste with 9 to 15percent soluble solids, of which 60 to 75percent are sugars can be concentrated to become citrus molasses.

Influence of Treated Orange Pulp on Growth Performance, Nutrients Digestibility and Plasma Constituents of Rabbits.

“…Nutrition accounts for 70% of the total cost of rabbit or animal production (Oyawoye and Nelson, 1999;Spring, 2013). Incorporation of fruits and vegetable wastes in animal feeds improved palatability of diet and consequently increased the feed intake in addition to decrease feed cost (Chaudry et al, 2004 andAlnaimy et al, 2017). Sun dried orange peel meal and citrus pulp has been used as untraditional calorie and protein source in broiler diets (Oluremi et al, 2006;De Bals et al, 2018).…”

Phytochemical Benefits of Agroresidues as Alternative Nutritive Dietary Resource for Pig and Poultry Farming

“…e rumen microbes of ruminants can convert the fibres into useful nutrients. Studies have shown that inclusions of some of the residues/wastes (apple, banana, cabbage, chicory, citrus, grape, mango, peas, pineapple, and pumpkin) in poultry and livestock rations have significantly improved the animals' general well-being and reproductive traits [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23].…”

“…In addition to the beneficial fibre content, fermentable carbohydrates contained in the pulp of the Citrus fruit provide a source of energy to ruminal microbes. However, soluble carbohydrates and acid detergent fibres equally play a vital role in providing ruminal microorganisms with energy required for the digestive system [23].…”

The use of citrus pulp silage in Diplodus puntazzo nutrition

“…In general, the citrus pulp residue that industries produce is transformed into silage. Silage is commonly used as a raw material in cattle and sheep nutrition with good results in terms of milk production (Piquer et al 2009) and animal growth (Alnaimy et al 2017). In the last few decades, the use of silage has extended to nutrition for monogastric animals, such as pigs (Amorim et al 2011(Amorim et al , 2014Crosswhite et al 2013;Watanabe et al 2009Watanabe et al , 2010 and chickens (Mourão et al 2008;Silva et al 2013), with no adverse growth parameters.…”