Using physiological models to define environmental control strategies.

Mitchell, M.A.; Gous, R. M.; Morris, Tim; Fisher, Chloe L.

doi:10.1079/9781845930707.0209

Cited by 12 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…It should be noted that exposure to both heat and cold stress in slaughter birds has profound and detrimental effects on meat quality in individual birds that do not succumb to thermal stress mortality (Mitchell 1999(Mitchell , 2008Mitchell et al 2007). This constitutes a major production problem due to downgrading, and probably reflects an important accompanying welfare concern as the surviving birds have been exposed to hostile thermal environments that will impose stress upon their thermoregulatory capacity, may involve marked changes in deep body temperature and will have depleted both energy and water reserves of the stressed birds Mitchell 2006Mitchell , 2008. Thermal stress in transit constitutes a major threat to the welfare and production efficiency of broiler chickens and the provision of sound strategies for the prevention or alleviation of these problems in commercial practice is of paramount importance (Mitchell 2006;Mitchell and Kettlewell 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature gradients in trailers and changes in broiler rectal and core body temperature during winter transportation in Saskatchewan

Knezacek¹,

Olkowski²,

Kettlewell³

et al. 2010

Can. J. Anim. Sci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

. 2010. Temperature gradients in trailers and changes in broiler rectal and core body temperature during winter transportation in Saskatchewan. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 90: 321Á330. Temperature conditions inside commercial trailers transporting market-age broilers during four winter journeys were measured, and changes in the rectal and core body temperature of birds were quantified. Pre-selected modules were equipped with data loggers recording temperature every 72 s. Rectal temperatures were taken from eight birds in each of four modules immediately before and after each trip, and two or three birds, with temperature recording implants, were placed in each of two selected modules. Temperature heterogeneity was found among modules on all loads with average crate temperatures ranging from 10.9 to 30.7, 8.9 to 28.1, 2.5 to 26.1 and (0.7 to 16.58C for transportation times of 191, 193, 178 and 18 min and ambient temperatures of (7.1, (27.1, (28.2 and (18.48C, respectively. Wet birds, condensation and frost provided evidence for moisture accumulation during transportation. Body temperature recordings indicated the potential for the development of both hypothermia and hyperthermia, showing that cold stress can occur near air inlets and heat stress in poorly ventilated areas. Passive ventilation inside trailers resulted in crate temperatures 17.7 to 55.28C above outside temperature. Mortality ranged from 0.7 to 1.4% but several deaths occurred during lairage, prior to processing. A heterogeneous distribution of airflow resulted in undesirable temperate and humidity conditions for some birds.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature gradients in trailers and changes in broiler rectal and core body temperature during winter transportation in Saskatchewan

Knezacek¹,

Olkowski²,

Kettlewell³

et al. 2010

Can. J. Anim. Sci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…It may be proposed that the thermal micro-environment within the transport containers or vehicles is extremely vulnerable to changes in external thermal conditions. As such, in response to any potential increase in thermal load it poses the greatest threat to the animals' welfare and well-being (Appleby and Lawrence, 1999;Mitchell and Kettlewell, 1998;Cockram and Mitchell, 1999;Mitchell, 2006). Adverse thermal conditions resulting in either heat or cold stress may lead to reduced welfare, overt tissue damage or injury and increases in mortality in transit (Mitchell, 2006;Mitchell and Kettlewell, 2006;Mitchell and Kettlewell, 2008).…”

Section: Thermal Stress -Impacts and Adaptationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal health aspects of adaptation to climate change: beating the heat and parasites in a warming Europe

Skuce

Morgan

Dijk

et al. 2013

Animal

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Weather patterns in northern European regions have changed noticeably over the past several decades, featuring warmer, wetter weather with more extreme events. The climate is projected to continue on this trajectory for the foreseeable future, even under the most modest warming scenarios. Such changes will have a significant impact on livestock farming, both directly through effects on the animals themselves, and indirectly through changing exposure to pests and pathogens. Adaptation options aimed at taking advantage of new opportunities and/or minimising the risks of negative impacts will, in themselves, have implications for animal health and welfare. In this review, we consider the potential consequences of future intensification of animal production, challenges associated with indoor and outdoor rearing of animals and aspects of animal transportation as key examples. We investigate the direct and indirect effects of climate change on the epidemiology of important livestock pathogens, with a particular focus on parasitic infections, and the likely animal health consequences associated with selected adaptation options. Finally, we attempt to identify key gaps in our knowledge and suggest future research priorities.

show abstract

“…Various components of the topic have previously been discussed and reviewed (e.g. Mitchell, 2006aMitchell, , 2006bKettlewell, 2004a, 2004b;2008a, 2008b but it is timely to incorporate existing knowledge of the physical aspects of transport practices and environments with complementary knowledge of the physiology and behaviour of the major types of poultry that are transported. It is also relevant to assess how these breeds and species of birds are equipped to respond to "transportation stress" and how these characteristics have been influenced by genetic selection for production traits.…”

Section: Broiler Chickens -Meat Birdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, transport of bulls housed at increased space allowance (4.2 m 2 /bull) resulted in a greater cortisol response, albeit still within a normal physiological range. The effect of transport for up to 0, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 hours followed by 24 hours recovery on live weight, physiological and haematological responses of bulls was investigated by Earley and O"Riordan (2006a;2006b). Bulls travelling for 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 h lost 4.7, 4.5, 5.7, 6.6 and 7.5% live weight compared with the baseline.…”

Section: Water and Feeding Interval Journey Times And Resting Periodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In transport, birds may be exposed to a variety of potential stressors including the thermal demands of the transport microenvironment, acceleration, vibration, motion, impacts, fasting, withdrawal of water, social disruption and noise (Mitchell, 2006a;Kettlewell, 2004a, 2004b;2008a, 2008b. Each of these factors and their various combinations may impose stress upon the birds, but it is well recognised that thermal challenges and in particular heat stress constitute the major threat to animal well being and productivity (Mitchell, 2006b;Kettlewell 2008 a, 2008b).…”

Section: Broiler Chickens -Meat Birdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Scientific Opinion Concerning the Welfare of Animals during Transport

2011

EFSA Journal

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The Scientific Opinion on the welfare of animals during transport reviewed the most recent scientific information concerning the main farm species. New scientific evidence and consequent conclusions and recommendations were arranged following the structure of Annex I of EC Regulation 1/2005 5 . On fitness for transport, recommendations for cattle and poultry were focused on repeated humane handling and careful inspection prior to transport. On the means of transport, use of partitions in horse transport, compulsory fasting of pigs with provision of water at stops, and temperature limits for poultry were major recommendations. Maintaining stability of animal groups was recommended as good practice, with special emphasis on the need to avoid mixing unfamiliar pigs or goats. On watering and feeding intervals, journey times and resting periods, journey duration should not exceed 12 hours for horses and 29 hours for cattle. Horses should be supplied with water one hour before and one hour after transport, and for cattle there should be a 24 hour recovery period with access to food and water. For rabbits, time spent inside the containers during lairage should be considered journey time. Space allowance for horses should be given in terms of kg/m 2 instead of m 2 /animal. For cattle and sheep, it is recommended that space allowances should be calculated according to an allometric equation relating size to body weight. Limits for stocking densities of broilers in containers should be related to thermal conditions. On the navigation systems, temperature monitoring systems should be incorporated. Minimum standards should be established regarding data type to be recorded, the 4 The changes do not affect the overall conclusions of the opinion. To avoid confusion, the original version of the opinion has been removed from the website, but is available on request, as is a version showing all the changes made.

show abstract

Using physiological models to define environmental control strategies.

Cited by 12 publications

References 0 publications

Temperature gradients in trailers and changes in broiler rectal and core body temperature during winter transportation in Saskatchewan

Temperature gradients in trailers and changes in broiler rectal and core body temperature during winter transportation in Saskatchewan

Animal health aspects of adaptation to climate change: beating the heat and parasites in a warming Europe

Scientific Opinion Concerning the Welfare of Animals during Transport

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About