Using Pictures to Assess Pain Location in Children

Mesko, Phyllis J.; Eliades, Aris

doi:10.1016/j.jopan.2016.11.010

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 13 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Future studies could consider whether additional measures can provide a reliable means of drawing young children into conversations about their own pain. For example, a body outline tool was used by the parents in this study, and similar tools have been used previously by older children and adolescents ( Savedra et al, 1989 ) but have not yet been validated in younger children ( Mesko and Clark, 2019 ). Equally, the use of coloring tools could allow preschool children to report differing levels of pain ( Mahon et al, 2015 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring Parental Responses to Pre-schoolers’ “Everyday” Pain Experiences Through Electronic Diary and Ecological Momentary Assessment Methodologies

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Objective: Parental influence during children’s “everyday” pain events is under-explored, compared to clinical or experimental pains. We trialed two digital reporting methods for parents to record the real-world context surrounding their child’s everyday pain events within the family home.Methods: Parents (N = 21) completed a structured e-diary for 14 days, reporting on one pain event experienced by their child (aged 2.5–6 years) each day, and describing child pain responses, parental supervision, parental estimates of pain severity and intensity, and parental catastrophizing, distress, and behavioral responses. During the same 2-week period, a subsample of parent-child pairs (N = 9) completed digital ecological momentary assessments (EMA), immediately after any chosen pain event. Children reported their current pain while parents estimated the child’s pain and indicated their own distress.Results: “Everyday” pain events frequently featured minor injuries to the child’s head, hands or knees, and child responses included crying and non-verbal comments (e.g., “Ouch!”). Pain events occurred less frequently when parents had been supervising their child, and supervising parents reported lower levels of worry and anxiety than non-supervising parents. Child sex was significantly associated with parental estimates of pain intensity, with parents of girls giving higher estimates than parents of boys. Child age was significantly associated with both the number of pain events and with parental estimates of pain intensity and child distress: the youngest children (2–3 years) experienced the fewest pain events but received higher pain and distress estimates from parents than older children. Hierarchal Linear Modeling revealed that parental estimates of pain severity were significant positive predictors of parental distress and catastrophizing in response to a specific pain event. Furthermore, higher levels of parental catastrophic thinking in response to a specific pain event resulted in increased distress, solicitousness, and coping-promoting behaviors in parents. The EMA data revealed that children reported significantly higher pain intensity than their parents.Conclusion: The electronic pain diary provided a key insight into the nature of “everyday” pain experiences around the family home. Digital daily reporting of how the family copes with “everyday” events represents a viable means to explore a child’s everyday pains without disrupting their home environment.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring Parental Responses to Pre-schoolers’ “Everyday” Pain Experiences Through Electronic Diary and Ecological Momentary Assessment Methodologies

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In regard to location, pain location assessment tools may be useful for younger children who may not know how to denote the subjective source of their discomfort. Such a tool may be particularly useful for assessing post-operative pain that may be occurring outside of the immediate surgical site (e.g., neuropathic pain) [ 10 ]. Communicating type or quality of pain is even more complicated given our reliance on highly abstract, even metaphorical language such as: “It feels like my head is splitting.” The analogical nature of pain expression is difficult for young children who tend to be concrete thinkers and have fewer experiences to draw metaphors from.…”

Section: Pain-related Vocabulary In Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Communicating with Youth about Pain: Developmental Considerations

Emerson¹,

Bursch²

2020

Children

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Pain experiences can negatively impact children and adolescents, leading to trauma symptoms and nonadherence to important health behaviors. Developmentally-tailored communication strategies may mitigate this risk. Methods: This article reviews cognitive and linguistic developmental factors, within the familial and cultural context, that are important to consider when communicating with youth about acute, procedural, and/or chronic pain. Results: Youth undergoing acute or procedural pain benefit from pain education, truthful information about the procedure, and advance preparation. The use of analogies may be particularly helpful for patient understanding of chronic pain development, maintenance, and treatment. Youth with developmental disabilities may express pain differently than their normative peers, requiring adaptation of communication strategies. Conclusion: Developmentally-tailored pain communication is an important tool for caregivers and healthcare providers that may foster adaptive functioning in youth who experience pain.

show abstract

“…However, pain management is influenced by many factors, such as cultural values, religions, parental beliefs, and anxiety [6,7]. Besides, the description of pain provided by the children is usually inconclusive [8]. Several non-pharmacological methods, including position adjustment, reassurance [9], and music, have been proposed to alleviate the pain [10][11][12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

One additional shot of brachial plexus block equates to less postoperative pain for younger children with elbow surgeries

Rai

Liu

et al. 2020

J Orthop Surg Res

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Postoperative pain in children has always been inadequately evaluated. This study aims to evaluate the postoperative pain response using an additional dose of brachial plexus block (BPB) for younger children receiving elbow surgeries under general anesthesia (GA). Methods: This retrospective case-control study included pediatric patients (3-10 years) who underwent surgeries for elbow injuries between January 2015 and January 2019. Patients with previous history of surgeries around the elbow, neurological impairment of injured limb, polytrauma, undergoing pain management for different causes, and open or old fractures were excluded. Patients were dichotomized into the GA group and the GA + BPB group as per the presence or absence of BPB. Results: In all, 150 patients (102/48, male/female) in the GA and 150 patients (104/46, male/female) in the GA + BPB group were included. There existed no significant differences between the two groups in age, sex, fracture side, and types of elbow procedures. As for the pain response after lateral condyle fracture of the humerus (LCFH), the FLACC pain scale was significantly higher for those in the GA group (6.2 ± 0.8) when compared to the GA + BPB group (1.6 ± 0.5) (P < 0.001). As for the pain response after medial epicondyle fracture of the humerus (MCFH), the FLACC pain scale was significantly higher for those in the GA group (6.0 ± 0.8) when compared to the GA + BPB group (1.5 ± 0.5) (P < 0.001). As for the pain response after supracondylar fracture of the humerus (SCFH), the FLACC pain scale was significantly higher for those in the GA group (6.0 ± 0.8) when compared to the GA + BPB group (1.6 ± 0.5) (P < 0.001). As for the pain response after cubitus varus correction, the FLACC pain scale was significantly higher for those in the GA group (6.7 ± 0.7) when compared to the GA + BPB group (2.1 ± 0.7) (P < 0.001). Conclusion: An additional shot of BPB for patients undergoing surgeries for elbow surgeries resulted in better postoperative pain response in younger children without significant BPB-related complications.

show abstract

Using Pictures to Assess Pain Location in Children

Cited by 6 publications

References 13 publications

Exploring Parental Responses to Pre-schoolers’ “Everyday” Pain Experiences Through Electronic Diary and Ecological Momentary Assessment Methodologies

Exploring Parental Responses to Pre-schoolers’ “Everyday” Pain Experiences Through Electronic Diary and Ecological Momentary Assessment Methodologies

Communicating with Youth about Pain: Developmental Considerations

One additional shot of brachial plexus block equates to less postoperative pain for younger children with elbow surgeries

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About