“…However, support for the efficacy of RWL in promoting comprehension has been less consistent (Amer, 1997;Dhaif, 1990;Diao & Sweller, 2007;Košak-Babuder et al, 2019;Pellicer-Sánchez et al, 2020, 2021Serrano & Pellicer-Sánchez, 2022;Taguchi et al, 2012;Tragant-Mestres et al, 2019;Woodall, 2010), signaling the possibility that RWL could have differential effects based on learner variables (e.g., silent reading speed; hence the alignment with the audio speed), linguistic variables (e.g., text complexity in terms of vocabulary and sentence structure), and the unimodal baseline against which RWL is attested (e.g., RWL vs. silent reading and RWL vs. listening).…”